The following is a link to a 24-minute Youtube video, where Dr. Becky >describes pulsars, pulsar timing arrays, and evidence from them for >gravitational waves decades long:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BUmJxZ7PQzw
Short version: pulsars are a special class of stellar objects. Their >rotation is extremely regular and and can be very rapid, up to 1000
rpm, and sweep high-energy beams of detectable EMR throughout the
galaxy.
There are several phenomena which can alter their rotation and so
their signal periodicity ex. stellar quakes. GR predicts that
gravitational waves would temporarily alter their observed rate.
Scientists have observed hundreds of pulsars over decades, long enough
to correlate changes among them, and by so doing infer that
gravitational waves had swept through the pulsar array and changed the >pattern.
One cause of decades-long gravitational waves would be supermassive
black holes orbiting each other at multi-light-year distances, but
there are other possibilities, ex. gravitational phenomena from before
the CMB.
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