XPost: sci.military.naval, soc.history.war.misc
I say "Huh",
'creates electrical energy by harnessing the power of the ocean’s
“thermal gradient,”'
from
https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/northrop-grummans-manta-ray-could-change-undersea-warfare-forever-210708
April 23, 2024 Topic: Security Region: Europe Blog Brand: The Buzz
Tags: Anti-Submarine WarfareUndersea WarfareManta RayNorthrop GrummanMilitaryRussia
Northrop Grumman's Manta Ray Could Change Undersea Warfare Forever
Northrop Grumman describes the new Manta Ray drone as: “A new class of
UUV, it is an extra-large glider that will operate long-duration,
long-range and payload-capable undersea missions without need for
on-site human logistics.”
by Alex Hollings
Summary: The Manta Ray, a new uncrewed underwater vehicle (UUV)
developed by Northrop Grumman under DARPA's guidance, represents a
significant innovation in deep-sea technology. Designed for prolonged autonomous operations without human logistic support, Manta Ray aims to
perform complex undersea missions, including scientific research and
military tasks.
-Featuring energy-harvesting capabilities and a unique design inspired
by its namesake, the Manta Ray can operate at depths unreachable by
traditional submersibles, marking a major step towards autonomous
deep-sea exploration and surveillance.
-This UUV is poised to enhance maritime security, particularly in anti-submarine warfare, by leveraging advanced propulsion and stealth technologies.
Revolution Under the Sea: Northrop Grumman Unveils the Manta Ray Deep
Sea Drone
On February 3, 2024 – just shy of two years after Russian forces invaded Ukraine, the Russian Navy rolled out its fifth modernized Borei-A Class
nuclear ballistic missile submarine from the Sevmash shipyard in
Severodvinsk, Northern Russia. This new class of undersea predator is
alleged to be significantly stealthier than previous Russian submarine
designs thanks to its use of pump-jet propulsion – a first for Russia. Russian media has claimed this new submarine is five times quieter than Russia’s latest nuclear-powered Akula-class submarines, and two times
quieter than America’s Virginia-class attack submarines.
With at least two more Borei-A Class vessels already in production, it’s clear that, despite Russia’s military woes in Ukraine, the country
remains heavily invested in maintaining and extending its potent nuclear
strike capabilities, on which Russian President Vladimir Putin seems to increasingly rely to stave off direct Western interference with his
military objectives.
But Russia’s undersea fleet may soon be facing a new kind of threat… one that lurks deeper than any of their submarines can sail, hibernating
with nearly no detectable electromagnetic emissions, and capable of
rapidly coming to life and soaring through the sea like an exotic
predator combined with a stealth bomber, taking on submersible threats
with a variety of potential payloads, before once again anchoring itself
to the seabed to lay in wait once more.
On April 8, Northrop Grumman officially unveiled its new prototype deep
sea drone, the Manta Ray uncrewed underwater vehicle (UUV). This new
undersea drone is designed to conduct extended-duration autonomous
operations at long ranges with minimal need for human support, according
to the firm, making it uniquely suited for a wide variety of undersea scientific and potential combat operations.
Borei-Class Submarine
Northrop Grumman describes the new Manta Ray drone as: “A new class of
UUV, it is an extra-large glider that will operate long-duration,
long-range and payload-capable undersea missions without need for
on-site human logistics.”
While details about Manta Ray and its full range of intended
capabilities remain sparse, we can glean some information about the
goals informing this endeavor through the contracting documents and announcements released by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency,
or DARPA, leading up to this point.
THE UNDERSEA PATH TO MANTA RAY
In March 2020, DARPA awarded developmental contracts to Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, and Navatek to mature concepts for what DARPA Manta
Ray Program Manager Dr. Kyle Woerner describes as “an autonomous
underwater vehicle that’s out operating on its own, harvesting energy,
and completing whatever mission it’s given.” By December 2021, the field narrowed to Northrop Grumman and Navatek (now known as Pacmar
Technologies) with Phase 2 contracts awarded to each for the
construction of full-scale technology demonstrators.
In September 2023, Pacmar Technologies’ Manta Ray sub-scale prototype
began “splash testing,” meant to verify the forthcoming platform’s
sensor suite and key autonomy behaviors for the full-scale platform. And
now, Northrop Grumman has unveiled its own full-scale technology
demonstrator, which, according to the company, is modular to support
easy shipping for expeditionary deployments, and has the ability to
anchor to the sea floor and hibernate for extended periods to reserve power.
Northrop Grumman’s Manta Ray design resembles its namesake fish,
adopting a similar “sea-glider” shape.
Based on the Manta Ray program description, also penned by Dr. Woerner,
the driving factor in this effort was to field a deep-sea drone that
could specifically operate for long durations without the need for
logistical support. While not specified in this language, the endeavor
seems to prioritize both long-duration deep-sea operations and the force-multiplying effect of passing these roles off to a drone with
minimal support requirements.
“If successful, this new class of UUV will give the combatant commander
an amplification of capacity without disrupting current operations by
remaining independent of manned vessels and ports once deployed,” Dr.
Woerner wrote.
EXTENDED-DURATION OPERATIONS AT EXTREME DEPTHS
To minimize the logistical requirements of the drone, DARPA’s
documentation calls for novel energy management and even
energy-harvesting techniques for use in dea sea environments – or
creative new ways to minimize energy draw and even to supplement energy
stores using its environment – as well as a wide variety of new onboard systems designed to minimize power requirements, from propulsion to
threat detection and beyond. A fourth company, Metron Inc, has also been contracted to mature technologies in that specific vein.
Another evident element of the Manta Ray program is to operate at
extreme depths that would otherwise be impossible, or economically
infeasible, for Navy or civilian submersibles.
“A main driver for wanting to go toward underwater vehicles in their
ability to go to depths that humans and many human systems are not able
to go to,” Dr. Woerner explained on the Voices from DARPA podcast in
October 2022.
Woerner went on to explain that DARPA chose the name Manta Ray as it
emphasized the program’s aim of fielding a disruptive submersible
technology that departs from the sleek torpedo-like design that’s so
common in military submarines, and instead leans into the efficient
shapes of undersea life – like the large and exotic-looking Manta Ray
fish. While Woerner clarified that DARPA was happy to accept designs
that didn’t resemble the Manta Ray found in nature, Northrop Grumman
seemed to take the idea to heart when designing its submersible.
MANTA RAY WILL HARVEST ELECTRICAL ENERGY FROM ITS ENVIRONMENT
To understand the value Manta Ray can provide, it’s first important to recognize the limitations inherent to current-state deep-submersible technology. Most of today’s uncrewed underwater vehicles (UUVs) are
tethered directly to surface vessels for power and support, and the few
that aren’t still need to keep support (usually in the form of a crewed
ship on the surface) nearby because the systems can usually only operate
for periods of hours, or in a few extreme cases, days.
“So you can either chase them around with a host vessel, which is
expensive and takes a lot of time and requires humans above them – and
you have to offer them care and feeding and everything else that comes
with that – or you can find a way to extend endurance under the sea,”
Dr. Woerner explained. “So, part of this project from a military utility perspective is reducing the burden, if you will, on these human-operated ships.”
The single most limiting factor for UUVs today is power storage. A large submersible requires a great deal of power for propulsion alone, before
you even consider onboard control systems, sensor suites, and any
potential payloads. A significant area of focus for Manta Ray, beyond
designing systems with very low power requirements, is finding ways to
draw power from the submersible’s operating environment.
“One of the things that’s really interesting about ocean resources is
that they are persistent,” explains Kelley Ruehl, a research and
development mechanical engineer with Sandia National Laboratories who specializes in wave-energy conversion, or deriving electrical energy
from the power of ocean and river currents. But Ruehl, who is serving as
an advisor on the Manta Ray effort, says there are several other
potential avenues for power production under the sea beyond capturing
the power of currents, like salinity gradient power, which can be
derived in a variety of ways like Reversed Electro Dialysis (RED).
RED uses a stack of alternating cathode and anode exchanging
perm-selective membranes, with the compartments between membranes filled alternately with fresh water and seawater. The differences in salinity
in the water generate a voltage over the membranes that can be captured
and converted into electrical power.
Another potential solution Northrop Grumman has explored, in partnership
with renewable energy company Seatrec, is the Mission Unlimited Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV) Station, which requires the deployment of a
separate “Thermal Energy Pod” that creates electrical energy by
harnessing the power of the ocean’s “thermal gradient,” or the mixing of warm and cooler currents. In effect, UUVs like Manta Ray can use the
Thermal Energy Pod like a gas station, returning to fill up any time
their onboard stores are running low.
OVERCOMING THE COMMUNICATION PROBLEM
The insulated connectors between the Manta Ray and the Thermal Energy
Pod can also accommodate the transfer of data to command elements on
shore. That uploaded data is then transferred into small devices
Northrop calls “data bubbles” that can be deployed from the Energy Pod
to relay vital information back to command elements elsewhere in the world.
“When released from the station, they float to the surface and begin
using their RF satellite communications antenna to transmit data to
shore, to a satellite, or to a ship.” explained Brian Theobald, chief engineer for Northrop’s Manta Ray program.
Next
Akula-Class Submarine from Russia
Russia's New Husky-Class Submarine Just Might Be Doomed
April 19, 2024
by Maya Carlin
--- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
* Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)