Stressed out worms use epigenetic inheritance to produce more sexually attractive offspring

Date:
February 7, 2022
Source:
Cell Press
Summary:
Sexual reproduction allows organisms to mix up their genes and
develop new adaptations to survive a harsh and ever-changing
environment. Under nutrient-rich conditions, the worm C. elegans is
typically asexual, but after enduring several generations of stress,
the worms begin to reproduce sexually and release pheromones to
appear more sexually attractive to male worms.



FULL STORY ========================================================================== Sexual reproduction allows organisms to mix up their genes and develop
new adaptations to survive a harsh and ever-changing environment. Under nutrient- rich conditions, the worm C. elegans is typically asexual,
but after enduring several generations of stress, the worms begin
to reproduce sexually and release pheromones to appear more sexually
attractive to male worms. In the journal Developmental Cell on February
7th, researchers have determined how sexual attractiveness is passed
on, and that it occurs not through modification of the worm's DNA,
but instead through the transfer of small RNAs.


==========================================================================
"For over a decade we've been studying a very controversial question: can parental responses to environmental challenges transmit from generation
to generation?" says Oded Rechavi (@OdedRechavi), lead author of the
study and a professor studying RNA memory inheritance at Tel Aviv
University. "We know that this can't happen via changes to the DNA
sequence, but surprisingly our work and the work of many others show
that it can happen, at least in simple organisms (notably C. elegans nematodes), via inheritance of small RNA molecules." Small RNAs can
influence an organism's gene expression through a phenomenon known as
gene silencing. "Unlike the DNA, small RNAs are synthesized in response
to certain environmental conditions, leading to gene expression changes
that persist across generations to progeny that weren't exposed to the stressful environment," says co-author Yael Mor (@YaelMor3) and MD-PhD
student at the Rechavi lab.

The researchers simulated mildly stressful conditions in the lab
by raising the worms at 25DEGC, which is warm for the worms, but
within the standard temperature range for lab cultures. Normally, the hermaphroditic worms would wait until the end of their life cycle when
they stop producing sperm to start secreting male-attracting pheromones,
but these stressful conditions triggered the worms to become prematurely attractive to males.

"An additional exciting aspect of our study is that sperm and sperm small
RNAs can serve as a stress sensor (or a rheostat)," says Rechavi. His
team found that elevated temperatures induced defects in the worm's
sperm, and this is what triggers the increase in sexual attraction under environmental stress.

To identify the pathway by which the worms regulate sexual attraction,
the researchers examined worms with different small RNA species turned
off and tested if they were more attractive than normal worms. "We
developed a unique system that allows us to eliminate the Argonaute
protein HRDE-1 that binds heritable small RNAs," says co-author Itamar
Lev (@itamar_lev), former PhD student in the Rechavi lab and now a
postdoc at the University of Vienna. "We found that removing HRDE-1
in the descendants (depleting the heritable small RNAs) eliminates the inheritance of the attractiveness." "One result that surprised us at
first was that the hermaphrodites won't secrete the male-attracting
pheromone right away when grown at higher temperatures: they wait about
~10 generations (~4 weeks) before raising their attractiveness," says
co-author Itai Toker (@Toker_IA), former PhD student in the Rechavi lab
and now postdoctoral fellow at Columbia University. "In retrospect, this
makes a lot of sense -- persisting experience from previous generations
can provide a relatively robust 'prediction' to organisms that this
environment might persist for longer." C. elegans has a unique dual-mode reproductive strategy, but Rechavi's team hopes to determine if similar heritable effects occur in other organisms. "This work connects short
term epigenetic inheritance with long term, hard-wired genetic changes,
and thus with the process of evolution," says Yael Mor.

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by Cell_Press. Note: Content may be
edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Itai Antoine Toker, Itamar Lev, Yael Mor, Yael Gurevich, Doron
Fisher,
Leah Houri-Zeevi, Olga Antonova, Hila Doron, Sarit Anava, Hila
Gingold, Lilach Hadany, Shai Shaham, Oded Rechavi. Transgenerational
inheritance of sexual attractiveness via small RNAs enhances
evolvability in C.

elegans. Developmental Cell, 2022; 57 (3): 298 DOI: 10.1016/
j.devcel.2022.01.005 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/02/220207112406.htm

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