Avoiding blackouts with clean, renewable energy

Date:
December 7, 2021
Source:
Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment
Summary:
Study analyzes grid stability under a scenario in which wind, water
and solar energy sources plus storage power 100% of U.S. energy
needs for all purposes. It finds that blackouts can be avoided with
short-duration batteries while lowering energy costs, creating jobs,
improving people's health, and reducing land requirements.



FULL STORY ==========================================================================
For some, visions of a future powered by clean, renewable energy are
clouded by fears of blackouts driven by intermittent electricity
supplies. Those fears are misplaced, according to a new Stanford
University study that analyzes grid stability under multiple scenarios in
which wind, water and solar energy resources power 100% of U.S. energy
needs for all purposes. The paper, just published in Renewable Energy,
finds that an energy system running on wind, water and solar coupled with storage avoids blackouts, lowers energy requirements and consumer costs,
while creating millions of jobs, improving people's health, and reducing
land requirements.


========================================================================== "This study is the first to examine grid stability in all U.S. grid
regions and many individual states after electrifying all energy
and providing the electricity with only energy that is both clean and renewable," said study lead author Mark Z. Jacobson, a professor of civil
and environmental engineering at Stanford. "This means no fossil fuels,
carbon capture, direct air capture, bioenergy, blue hydrogen or nuclear
power" Imagine all cars and trucks were powered with electric motors or hydrogen fuel cells, electric heat pumps replaced gas furnaces and water heaters and wind turbines and solar panels replaced coal and natural
gas power plants. The study envisions those and many more transitions in
place across the electricity, transportation, buildings and industrial
sectors in the years 2050 and 2051.

The scenario is not as far-fetched as it may seem, according to Jacobson
and his coauthors. Wind, water and solar already account for almost
20% of US electricity, and 15 states and territories and more than 180
U.S. cities have enacted policies requiring a virtually all-renewable electricity sector, among other signs of a larger shift to clean,
renewable energy.

Critics of such a shift have pointed to grid blackouts amid extreme
weather events in California during August 2020 and Texas during
February 2021 as evidence that renewable electricity can't be trusted
for consistent power.

Although in both instances renewable energy was not found to be more
vulnerable than other sources, the fear of increased blackouts has
remained substantial, according to the researchers, who aimed to evaluate
the contention on a larger scale.

Expanding on a previous 2015 renewable energy roadmap study for the
50 U.S.

states, the researchers looked at how to meet continuous energy demand
every 30 seconds for two years. They ran simulations for six individual
states -- Alaska and Hawaii, which are isolated, and California, Texas,
New York and Florida, large states far from each other and subject
to different weather conditions - - as well as all the interconnected electricity grid regions in the U.S., and the contiguous U.S. as a whole.

Their scenarios envisioned a massive scaling up of offshore wind turbines
and rooftop solar panels -- none of which take up new land -- as well
as onshore wind turbines, utility solar panels, and concentrated solar
power plants. The scenarios also include some new geothermal but no new hydroelectric infrastructure. Overall, they found that new electricity generators would take up about 0.84% of U.S. land versus the approximately
1.3% of land currently occupied by the fossil fuel industry.



========================================================================== Under these scenarios, the researchers further found that per capita
household annual energy costs were nearly 63% less than in a business
as usual scenario.

In some states, costs dropped as much as 79%. The investment cost to
transition everything in the U.S. ranges from near $9 to $11 trillion, depending on how much interconnection of regions occurs. However, this
pays for itself through energy sales and from the cost savings each year compared with not transitioning. In fact, based on energy cost savings
alone, the payback time may be as short as five years.

Interconnecting larger and larger geographic regions made power supply
smoother and costs lower because it upped the chances of available wind,
sun and hydro power availability and reduced the need for extra wind
turbines, solar panels and batteries.

A significant finding of the study was that long-duration batteries
were neither needed nor helpful for keeping the grid stable. Instead,
grid stability could be obtained by linking together currently available batteries with storage durations of four hours or less. Linking together short-duration batteries can provide long-term storage when they are
used in succession. They can also be discharged simultaneously to meet
heavy peaks in demand for short periods. In other words, short-duration batteries can be used for both big peaks in demand for short periods
and lower peaks for a long period or anything in-between.

The study also finds that building and operating a completely clean,
renewable grid may create about 4.7 million long-term, full-time
jobs across various energy sectors, such as construction and component manufacturing, as well as indirect employment at stores, restaurants and
other businesses. Cleaner air would spare about 53,200 people per year
from pollution-related deaths and millions more from pollution-related illnesses in 2050, saving about $700 billion per year in health costs,
the researchers found.

The researchers' simulations suggested that blackouts in California and
Texas could be avoided at low cost due to a clean, renewable grid. Part
of the reason is that energy requirements are reduced 60 percent in
California and 57 percent in Texas by electrifying all energy sectors and providing the electricity with clean, renewable energy. A second reason is that, when the wind is not blowing, the sun is often shining during the
day and vice versa, so using both helps meet demand with supply. Third,
giving people financial incentives not to use electricity at certain
times of day helps to shift the time of peak electricity demand. Fourth,
using storage helps to fill in supply gaps when wind and solar are not available. Fifth, during cold spells, wind is stronger, on average, so increasing wind energy helps to meet winter peaks in building heat demand.

Sixth, underground seasonal heat storage helps meet winter heat
demand. These last two are especially helpful for Texas.

To avoid summer time blackouts in California, the study suggests more
offshore wind turbines since wind speeds are fastest during summer
offshore of California, especially during the late afternoon and early
evening when blackouts are most likely due to drops in solar power output.

"There is so much to be gained if we can gather the willpower to
undertake the transition at a pace fitting the urgency of reaching
a zero carbon system," said study coauthor Anna-Katharina
von Krauland, a PhD student in civil and environmental
engineering at Stanford. "I suspect that these ideas, which
might sound radical now, will soon become obvious in hindsight." ========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by Stanford_Woods_Institute_for_the_Environment. Original written by Rob
Jordan. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Mark Z. Jacobson, Anna-Katharina von Krauland, Stephen J. Coughlin,
Frances C. Palmer, Miles M. Smith. Zero air pollution
and zero carbon from all energy at low cost and without
blackouts in variable weather throughout the U.S. with 100%
wind-water-solar and storage. Renewable Energy, 2022; 184: 430 DOI:
10.1016/j.renene.2021.11.067 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/12/211207152549.htm

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