Summer rains in American Southwest are not your typical monsoon
American monsoon driven by jet stream colliding with mountains, not differential heating of land and ocean

Date:
November 30, 2021
Source:
University of California - Berkeley
Summary:
Monsoons are continental weather events produced when intense
summer sunlight heats land more than ocean. But new supercomputer
simulations show that North America's only monsoon works
differently. The North American monsoon, which drenches western
Mexico and the American Southwest each summer, is generated when
the jet stream collides with the Sierra Madre mountains, which
diverts it southward and upward, condensing moisture laden air
from the eastern Pacific into torrential rains.



FULL STORY ==========================================================================
The months-long rainy season, or monsoon, that drenches northwestern
Mexico each summer, reaching into Arizona and New Mexico and often as
far north as Colorado and Northern California, is unlike any monsoon in
the world, according to a new analysis by an earth scientist from the University of California, Berkeley.


==========================================================================
The so-called North American monsoon is important for delivering water
to semi- arid areas of the American Southwest -- 50% of Arizona's and
New Mexico's precipitation comes from monsoon rains between July and
September -- but in recent years has also fueled wildfires around the
West. The northern tail of the monsoon sometimes brings thunderstorms
and thousands of lightning strikes to California, igniting wildfires.

The word monsoon conjures images of the monsoons of South Asia,
where for several months each summer repeated downpours flood India
and Bangladesh. These and other monsoons, such as those in Brazil and
across Africa, are generated when intense summer sunlight causes the
atmosphere to be heated over the continent more than over the nearby
ocean, which draws humid air from the sea and dumps the moisture on land
during intense storms.

But detailed supercomputer simulations of North American weather patterns
show that the North American monsoon occurs when Mexico's Sierra Madre Occidental mountains divert the eastward-trending jet stream toward the
equator and then upward over the mountain slopes, cooling the moist
tropical air from the eastern Pacific until it condenses and falls
as rain.

This new understanding of the causes of the North American monsoon will
have a major impact on forecasts in the region, saidWilliam Boos, UC
Berkeley associate professor of earth and planetary science and first
author of a paper detailing the findings that appeared last week in
the journal Nature.The path of the mid-latitude jet stream, which is
predicted to change as a result of global warming, and the warmth of
the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean are now seen as more important in determining the monsoon than the temperature difference between land
and ocean bordering western Mexico.

"What we're arguing is that the North American monsoon is not a classic
monsoon in terms of its central physics, and so we need to look at a whole different set of scientific processes to predict it, both in short-term
weather forecasts and long-term climate projections," said Boos, who collaborated with Salvatore Pascale of the University of Bologna in Italy.



==========================================================================
"The previous thinking was that you need to look at how hot the land
is compared to the ocean and the future of the ocean: Is the Pacific
going to warm more than the land? If it does, then the monsoon might
weaken in coming decades," he added. "Now, we're saying, 'No. Instead,
you need to worry about whether the jet stream is going to shift.' If the
ocean does warm more than land, that might give you more water content in
the atmosphere to condense as it goes over the mountain, and that might strengthen the monsoon, instead of weaken it." This is the only monsoon
known to be caused mechanically -- by the southward and upward deflection
of a jet of air by an obstacle -- as opposed to thermally, where less
dense air becomes buoyant, rises and draws in air from surrounding areas.

A continent-wide weather pattern Monsoons, Boos said, are continent-size atmospheric wind patterns that control the climate of large swaths
of Earth's surface and supply water to billions of people. The North
American monsoon, for example, is crucial for the hydrology of western
Mexico and the southwestern U.S.

But while the North American monsoon has been examined by scientists for
over a century, its cause has been presumed similar to that of other
monsoons, which have been more thoroughly studied. A typical monsoon
results from differential heating of land and water during summer
months. While the sea is able to mix below the surface the energy it
absorbs from summer sunlight, the land cannot.

As a result, the land quickly transfers this energy back to the
atmosphere, heating the air and making it rise. As it rises, the pressure drops, the air cools, and the moisture it contains condenses into rain.



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Boos wanted to test that scenario, using a global climate computer
model that incorporates North American weather patterns, as well as the underlying land topography, with a resolution of about 25 kilometers,
a big increase over earlier models that, because of computational
limitations, were limited to a resolution of about 100 kilometers. With a 100-kilometer grid pattern, land and weather patterns are averaged over
10,000 square kilometers, smearing out the effects of small mountain
ranges like the Sierra Madre.

"The mountains on the west coast of Mexico may seem enormous when you
stand next to them as a human being, but on a global scale, they are
tiny," he said.

"Computer simulations of Earth's atmosphere and ocean have historically
barely been able to represent these mountains -- it's like trying
to look at the details of an actor's teeth on 1970s television. But
our observations of wind and rain patterns have gotten much more high-resolution than in the past. We were able to use similarly
high-resolution computer models to examine the detailed structure and
dynamics of this monsoon and figure out how it works." Boos' model --
which he ran at the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center
at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and was so computationally
intensive that it took the equivalent of a laptop running for 1 million
hours -- is the first to study the effect of the Sierra Madre. He found
that if the Sierra Madre were missing, the monsoon would basically
evaporate.

"When we got rid of the Sierra Madre, the main part of the intense precipitation maximum that runs about a thousand kilometers up and
down the west coast of Mexico and extends into the southwest U.S. just vanished," he said.

He and Pascale also did a theoretical calculation to quantitatively
predict how jet stream winds would change if mountain ranges were put
in their path, without applying any sort of heating, and found that the mountains produce stationary waves identical to those observed to occur
in the jet stream as it interacts with the Sierra Madre Occidental.

"That helped us isolate the cause. You can do modeling experiments with
the supercomputer, but there's so much going on in the supercomputer
simulation you don't know what the fundamental cause is," Boos said. "But
with this theoretical solution, we could say, 'Ah, the cause is definitely
the mountain blocking the winds, instead of anything to do with water condensation or radiative transfer, et cetera.'" Boos is exploring in
more detail the impact on the monsoon of the Sierra Madre, as well as
the Sierra Nevada range in California and the Rocky Mountains, focusing
more closely on the effects in Arizona and New Mexico.

"This is really just the first study suggesting that the North American
monsoon is so fundamentally linked to the blocking of winds by mountain ranges," he said. "We certainly need to explore this more observationally, theoretically, and with even higher-resolution models." The work was
funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DE-SC0019367).

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by
University_of_California_-_Berkeley. Original written by Robert
Sanders. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. William R. Boos, Salvatore Pascale. Mechanical forcing of the North
American monsoon by orography. Nature, 2021; 599 (7886): 611 DOI:
10.1038/s41586-021-03978-2 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/11/211130150444.htm

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