Using mechanical tools improves our language skills, study finds

Date:
November 11, 2021
Source:
INSERM (Institut national de la sante' et de la recherche me'dicale)
Summary:
Research has revealed a correlation between being particularly
proficient in tool use and having good syntactic ability. A new
study has now shown that both skills rely on the same neurological
resources, which are located in the same brain region. Furthermore,
motor training using a tool improves our ability to understand
the syntax of complex sentences and -- vice-versa -- syntactic
training improves our proficiency in using tools.



FULL STORY ========================================================================== [Assorted hardware, | Credit: (c) eight8 / stock.adobe.com] Assorted
hardware, arranged in shape of brain (stock image).

Credit: (c) eight8 / stock.adobe.com [Assorted hardware, | Credit: (c)
eight8 / stock.adobe.com] Assorted hardware, arranged in shape of brain
(stock image).

Credit: (c) eight8 / stock.adobe.com Close Our ability to understand the
syntax of complex sentences is one of the most difficult language skills
to acquire. In 2019, research had revealed a correlation between being particularly proficient in tool use and having good syntactic ability. A
new study, by researchers from Inserm, CNRS, Universite' Claude Bernard
Lyon 1 and Universite' Lumie`re Lyon 2 in collaboration with Karolinska Institutet in Sweden, has now shown that both skills rely on the same neurological resources, which are located in the same brain region.

Furthermore, motor training using a tool improves our ability to
understand the syntax of complex sentences and -- vice-versa -- syntactic training improves our proficiency in using tools. These findings could
be applied clinically to support the rehabilitation of patients having
lost some of their language skills.


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This study is published in November 2021 in the journal Science.

Language has long been considered a very complex skill, mobilizing
specific brain networks. However, in recent years, scientists have
revisited this idea.

Research suggests that brain areas, which control certain linguistic
functions, such as the processing of word meanings, are also involved
in controlling fine motor skills. However, brain imaging had not
provided evidence of such links between language and the use of
tools. Paleo-neurobiology[1] has also shown that the brain regions
associated with language had increased in our ancestors during periods
of technological boom, when the use of tools became more widespread.

When considering this data, research teams couldn't help wondering:
what if the use of certain tools, which involves complex movements,
relies on the same brain resources as those mobilized in complex
linguistic functions such as syntax? Syntax exercises and use of tongs
In 2019, Inserm researcher Claudio Brozzoli in collaboration with CNRS researcher Alice C. Roy and their team had shown that individuals who
are particularly proficient in the use of tools were also generally
better at handling the finer points of Swedish syntax.



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In order to explore the subject in greater depth, the same team, in collaboration with CNRS researcher Ve'ronique Boulenger[2], developed a
series of experiments that relied on brain imaging techniques (functional magnetic resonance imaging or MRI) and behavioral measurements. The participants were asked to complete several tests consisting of motor
training using 30 cm-long pliers and syntax exercises in French. This
enabled the scientists to identify the brain networks specific to each
task, but also common to both tasks.

They discovered for the first time that the handling of the tool and
the syntax exercises produced brain activations in common areas, with
the same spatial distribution, in a region called the "basal ganglia." Cognitive training Given that these two skill types use the same brain resources, is it possible to train one in order to improve the other? Does motor training with the mechanical tongs improve the understanding of
complex phrases? In the second part of their study, the scientists looked
at these issues and showed that this is indeed the case.

This time, the participants were asked to perform a syntactic
comprehension task before and after 30 minutes of motor training with
the pliers (see box for details of the experiment). With this, the
researchers demonstrated that motor training with the tool leads to
improved performance in syntactic comprehension exercises.



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In addition, the findings show that the reverse is also true: training of language faculties, with exercises to understand sentences with complex structure, improved motor performance with the tool.

The scientists are now thinking about how to best apply these findings
in the clinical setting."We are currently devising protocols that could
be put in place to support the rehabilitation and recovery of language
skills of patients with relatively preserved motor faculties, such
as young people with developmental language disorders. Beyond these
innovative applications, these findings also give us an insight into
how language has evolved throughout history. When our ancestors began to develop and use tools, this proficiency profoundly changed the brain and imposed cognitive demands that may have led to the emergence of certain functions such as syntax," concludes Brozzoli.

Motor training and syntax exercises The motor training involved using
the pliers to insert small pegs into holes that matched their shape but
with differing orientations.

The syntax exercises which were completed before and after this
training consisted of reading sentences with a simple syntax, such as
"The scientist who admires the poet writes an article" or with a more
complex syntax, such as "The scientist whom the poet admires writes an article." Then the participants had to decide whether statements such as
"The poet admires the scientist" were true or false. Sentences with the
French object relative pronoun "que" are more difficult to process and therefore performance was generally poorer.

These experiments show that after motor training, the participants did
better with the sentences that were considered to be more difficult. The control groups, which performed the same linguistic task but after motor training using their bare hands or no training at all, did not show such
an improvement.

Notes: [1] A field in which scientists study the evolution of our
ancestors' brain anatomy.

[2] Involved in these findings are the Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (Inserm/CNRS/Universite' Claude Bernard Lyon 1) and the Dynamics of
Language laboratory (CNRS/Universite' Lumie`re Lyon 2).

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by INSERM_(Institut_national_de_la_sante'_et_de_la_recherche
me'dicale). Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Simon Thibault, Raphae"l Py, Angelo Mattia Gervasi, Romeo Salemme,
Eric
Koun, Martin Lo"vden, Ve'ronique Boulenger, Alice C. Roy, Claudio
Brozzoli. Tool use and language share syntactic processes and
neural patterns in the basal ganglia. Science, 2021; 374 (6569)
DOI: 10.1126/ science.abe0874 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/11/211111154244.htm

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