Thin-film, high-frequency antenna array offers new flexibility for
wireless communications

Date:
November 3, 2021
Source:
Princeton University, Engineering School
Summary:
Researchers have taken a step toward developing a type of antenna
array that could coat an airplane's wings, function as a skin
patch transmitting signals to medical implants, or cover a room as
wallpaper that communicates with internet of things (IoT) devices.



FULL STORY ========================================================================== Princeton researchers have taken a step toward developing a type of
antenna array that could coat an airplane's wings, function as a skin
patch transmitting signals to medical implants, or cover a room as
wallpaper that communicates with internet of things (IoT) devices.


==========================================================================
The technology, which could enable many uses of emerging 5G and 6G
wireless networks, is based on large-area electronics, a way of
fabricating electronic circuits on thin, flexible materials. The
researchers described its development in a paper published Oct. 7 in
Nature Electronics.

The approach overcomes limitations of conventional silicon semiconductors, which can operate at the high radio frequencies needed for 5G
applications, but can only be made up to a few centimeters wide, and
are difficult to assemble into the large arrays required for enhanced communication with low-power devices.

"To achieve these large dimensions, people have tried discrete integration
of hundreds of little microchips. But that's not practical -- it's not low-cost, it's not reliable, it's not scalable on a wireless systems
level," said senior study author Naveen Verma, a professor of electrical
and computer engineering and director of Princeton's Keller Center for Innovation in Engineering Education.

"What you want is a technology that can natively scale to these big
dimensions.

Well, we have a technology like that -- it's the one that we use for our displays" such as computer monitors and liquid-crystal display (LCD) televisions, said Verma. These use thin-film transistor technology,
which Verma and colleagues adapted for use in wireless signaling.

The researchers used zinc-oxide thin-film transistors to create a
1-foot-long (30-centimeter) row of three antennas, in a setup known as
a phased array.

Phased antenna arrays can transmit narrow-beam signals that can be
digitally programmed to achieve desired frequencies and directions. Each antenna in the array emits a signal with a specified time delay from its neighbors, and the constructive and destructive interference between
these signals add up to a focused electromagnetic beam -- akin to the interference between ripples created by water droplets in a pond.



==========================================================================
A single antenna broadcasts a fixed signal in all directions, "but a
phased array can electrically scan the beam to different directions,
so you can do point-to-point wireless communication," said lead study
author Can Wu, a postdoctoral researcher at Stanford University who
completed a Ph.D. in electrical and computer engineering at Princeton
earlier this year.

Phased array antennas have been used for decades in long-distance
communication systems such as radar systems, satellites, and cellular
networks, but the technology developed by the Princeton team could bring
new flexibility to phased arrays and enable them to operate at a different range of radio frequencies than previous systems.

"Large-area electronics is a thin film technology, so we can build
circuits on a flexible substrate over a span of meters, and we can monolithically integrate all the components into a sheet that has the
form factor of a piece of paper," said Wu.

In the study, the team fabricated the transistors and other components
on a glass substrate, but a similar process could be used to create
circuits on flexible plastic, said Wu.

This type of antenna system could be installed almost anywhere. When
used like wallpaper in a room, it could enable quick, secure and energy-efficient communication with a distributed network of IoT devices
such as temperature or motion sensors.

Having an antenna that's a flexible surface could also be beneficial for satellites, which are launched in a compact format and unfold as they
reach orbit, and a large area could be advantageous for long-distance communication with aircraft.

"With an airplane, because its distance is so far, you lose a lot of
the signal power, and you want to be able to communicate with high
sensitivity. The wings are a fairly large area, so if you have a single
point receiver on that wing it doesn't help too much, but if you can
expand the amount of area that's capturing the signal by a factor of
a hundred or a thousand, you can reduce your signal power and increase
the sensitivity of your radio," said Verma.

In addition to Wu and Verma, the paper's coauthors, all from the
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, were Ph.D. graduates
Yoni Mehlman (2020) and Tiffany Moy (2017); graduate students Prakhar
Kumar and Yue Ma; postdoctoral research associate Hongyang Jia; professor emeritus and senior scholar Sigurd Wagner; and James Sturm, the Stephen
R. Forrest Professor in Electrical Engineering.

The work was supported in part by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency's Center for Brain-Inspired Computing and by Princeton's Program
in Plasma Science and Technology. The research also utilized cleanroom facilities at the Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology
of Materials.

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by
Princeton_University,_Engineering_School. Original written by Molly
Sharlach. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Can Wu, Yoni Mehlman, Prakhar Kumar, Tiffany Moy, Hongyang Jia,
Yue Ma,
Sigurd Wagner, James C. Sturm, Naveen Verma. A phased array based on
large-area electronics that operates at gigahertz frequency. Nature
Electronics, 2021; 4 (10): 757 DOI: 10.1038/s41928-021-00648-z ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/11/211103105022.htm

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