• How long should a satalite laste

    From Brian Gaff@21:1/5 to All on Mon Oct 3 09:51:00 2022
    I just wondered, as geosynchronous ones still seem to be being launched, and yet direct sat broadcasting does seem to be waning, what are they all
    actually doing? Is it just that old ones will not work with modern broadcast systems or are clapped out, or is there a growth in DBS to third world areas now?
    Brian

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  • From SH@21:1/5 to Brian Gaff on Mon Oct 3 09:59:53 2022
    On 03/10/2022 09:51, Brian Gaff wrote:
    I just wondered, as geosynchronous ones still seem to be being launched, and yet direct sat broadcasting does seem to be waning, what are they all actually doing? Is it just that old ones will not work with modern broadcast systems or are clapped out, or is there a growth in DBS to third world areas now?
    Brian




    Satellites either get moved to less profitable slots and often renamed.

    They also often end up in inclined orbits to eke out the remaining fuel supplies before finally being moved to a graveyard orbit......

    S.

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  • From Martin@21:1/5 to Brian Gaff on Mon Oct 3 11:48:52 2022
    On Mon, 3 Oct 2022 09:51:00 +0100, "Brian Gaff" <brian1gaff@gmail.com> wrote:

    I just wondered, as geosynchronous ones still seem to be being launched, and >yet direct sat broadcasting does seem to be waning, what are they all >actually doing? Is it just that old ones will not work with modern broadcast >systems or are clapped out, or is there a growth in DBS to third world areas >now?
    Brian

    DBS are designed to last 10 years.
    --

    Martin in Zuid Holland

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  • From R. Mark Clayton@21:1/5 to Brian Gaff on Mon Oct 3 03:13:33 2022
    On Monday, 3 October 2022 at 09:51:04 UTC+1, Brian Gaff wrote:
    I just wondered, as geosynchronous ones still seem to be being launched, and yet direct sat broadcasting does seem to be waning, what are they all actually doing? Is it just that old ones will not work with modern broadcast systems or are clapped out, or is there a growth in DBS to third world areas now?
    Brian

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    Seven to ten years is fairly typical.

    DBS satellites are fairly dumb. Each transponder receives a signal on ~14GHz and rebroadcasts it on ~10GHz.

    Each transponder channel is 30Mhz wide and by alternating the polarity can be 15MHz apart.

    The satellite knows nothing of the signal structure (analogue, D2-MAC, DVB-S, DVB-S2 etc.) nor encryption [if any], so they do not become morally redundant.

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  • From SH@21:1/5 to R. Mark Clayton on Mon Oct 3 11:28:05 2022
    On 03/10/2022 11:13, R. Mark Clayton wrote:
    On Monday, 3 October 2022 at 09:51:04 UTC+1, Brian Gaff wrote:
    I just wondered, as geosynchronous ones still seem to be being launched, and >> yet direct sat broadcasting does seem to be waning, what are they all
    actually doing? Is it just that old ones will not work with modern broadcast >> systems or are clapped out, or is there a growth in DBS to third world areas >> now?
    Brian

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    Seven to ten years is fairly typical.

    DBS satellites are fairly dumb. Each transponder receives a signal on ~14GHz and rebroadcasts it on ~10GHz.

    Each transponder channel is 30Mhz wide and by alternating the polarity can be 15MHz apart.

    The satellite knows nothing of the signal structure (analogue, D2-MAC, DVB-S, DVB-S2 etc.) nor encryption [if any], so they do not become morally redundant.

    D2-MAC? Ooohh thats a blast from the past! I remember the Pace D100
    decoder hooked up to a Pace MSS300 reciever!

    The D2MAC channels were on Sirius 5.0 East and Thor / Intelsat 1.0 West....

    Now long gone!

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  • From jon@21:1/5 to Brian Gaff on Mon Oct 3 10:30:01 2022
    On Mon, 03 Oct 2022 09:51:00 +0100, Brian Gaff wrote:

    I just wondered, as geosynchronous ones still seem to be being launched,
    and yet direct sat broadcasting does seem to be waning, what are they
    all actually doing? Is it just that old ones will not work with modern broadcast systems or are clapped out, or is there a growth in DBS to
    third world areas now?
    Brian

    The moon has been there for quite a while.

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  • From Andy Burns@21:1/5 to Brian Gaff on Mon Oct 3 13:21:31 2022
    Brian Gaff wrote:

    I just wondered, as geosynchronous ones still seem to be being launched, and yet direct sat broadcasting does seem to be waning, what are they all actually doing?

    They only contain enough propellant to perform "station keeping" for a certain number of years, after that they're on borrowed time and can't actually start geostationary

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  • From Robin@21:1/5 to R. Mark Clayton on Mon Oct 3 15:23:16 2022
    On 03/10/2022 11:13, R. Mark Clayton wrote:
    On Monday, 3 October 2022 at 09:51:04 UTC+1, Brian Gaff wrote:
    I just wondered, as geosynchronous ones still seem to be being launched, and >> yet direct sat broadcasting does seem to be waning, what are they all
    actually doing? Is it just that old ones will not work with modern broadcast >> systems or are clapped out, or is there a growth in DBS to third world areas >> now?
    Brian

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    Seven to ten years is fairly typical.

    DBS satellites are fairly dumb. Each transponder receives a signal on ~14GHz and rebroadcasts it on ~10GHz.

    Each transponder channel is 30Mhz wide and by alternating the polarity can be 15MHz apart.

    The satellite knows nothing of the signal structure (analogue, D2-MAC, DVB-S, DVB-S2 etc.) nor encryption [if any], so they do not become morally redundant.

    I perpetrate so many typos that I truly comment only to say I spent a
    shameful number of seconds wondering if that was a meaning of 'morally'
    which had previously escaped me :(


    --
    Robin
    reply-to address is (intended to be) valid

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  • From Davey@21:1/5 to Brian Gaff on Mon Oct 3 15:19:25 2022
    On Mon, 3 Oct 2022 09:51:00 +0100
    "Brian Gaff" <brian1gaff@gmail.com> wrote:

    I just wondered, as geosynchronous ones still seem to be being
    launched, and yet direct sat broadcasting does seem to be waning,
    what are they all actually doing? Is it just that old ones will not
    work with modern broadcast systems or are clapped out, or is there a
    growth in DBS to third world areas now?
    Brian


    It's nice to see a post using the word 'satellite' correctly, instead
    of having it refer to a satellite dish, which is an all-too common use.
    Thank you Brian.

    Don't forget that china and Russia use them for target practice.
    --
    Davey.

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  • From wrightsaerials@f2s.com@21:1/5 to Robin on Mon Oct 3 11:48:03 2022
    On Monday, 3 October 2022 at 15:23:22 UTC+1, Robin wrote:


    The satellite knows nothing of the signal structure (analogue, D2-MAC, DVB-S, DVB-S2 etc.) nor encryption [if any], so they do not become morally redundant.
    I perpetrate so many typos that I truly comment only to say I spent a shameful number of seconds wondering if that was a meaning of 'morally'
    which had previously escaped me :(

    I can't think what's going on here.

    Bill

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  • From Robin@21:1/5 to wrightsaerials@aol.com on Mon Oct 3 23:14:12 2022
    On 03/10/2022 19:48, wrightsaerials@aol.com wrote:
    On Monday, 3 October 2022 at 15:23:22 UTC+1, Robin wrote:


    The satellite knows nothing of the signal structure (analogue, D2-MAC, DVB-S, DVB-S2 etc.) nor encryption [if any], so they do not become morally redundant.
    I perpetrate so many typos that I truly comment only to say I spent a
    shameful number of seconds wondering if that was a meaning of 'morally'
    which had previously escaped me :(

    I can't think what's going on here.


    morally vs modally

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  • From Brian Gaff@21:1/5 to All on Tue Oct 4 12:02:22 2022
    I know at least one of them has a Ham radio repeater on it, working at a
    high frequency as well, whether this utilised the same hardware or not I do
    not know.

    At least then you do not have the same Doppler problems you have on low
    earth orbiting ones.

    So, I'd have thought the different transmission standards would alter the
    duty cycle of the power devices doing the transmitting. What powers are
    used, I guess a lot depends on the footprint being aimed for and the gain
    over the bandwidth of the aerial.
    Brian

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    "R. Mark Clayton" <notyalckram@gmail.com> wrote in message news:8d85a226-94e9-4091-9d9c-3893ea03794fn@googlegroups.com...
    On Monday, 3 October 2022 at 09:51:04 UTC+1, Brian Gaff wrote:
    I just wondered, as geosynchronous ones still seem to be being launched,
    and
    yet direct sat broadcasting does seem to be waning, what are they all
    actually doing? Is it just that old ones will not work with modern
    broadcast
    systems or are clapped out, or is there a growth in DBS to third world
    areas
    now?
    Brian

    --

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    Seven to ten years is fairly typical.

    DBS satellites are fairly dumb. Each transponder receives a signal on
    ~14GHz and rebroadcasts it on ~10GHz.

    Each transponder channel is 30Mhz wide and by alternating the polarity can
    be 15MHz apart.

    The satellite knows nothing of the signal structure (analogue, D2-MAC,
    DVB-S, DVB-S2 etc.) nor encryption [if any], so they do not become morally redundant.

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
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  • From Brian Gaff@21:1/5 to Martin on Tue Oct 4 11:56:53 2022
    Well some are up there still being used well after that time, if you look on some of the lists you can download. Not sure why they would want one in an inclined orbit, as the whole point was that they seem to be static in the
    sky. It would be silly to have a sat that moved in little circles as viewed from earth, surely?

    I did wonder why they don't use gyros and ion thrusters as that should make things a lot longer lasting. As you say there are graveyard orbits, and one supposes fuel is kept to achieve them, which seems wasteful. I wonder why nobody decided to launch fuel tankers so they could be refuelled on orbit.
    Most are in the same plane, so moving between them should be relatively
    easy. OK its a long way up, but launching a whole new sat is always risky.
    Brian

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    "Martin" <me@address.invalid> wrote in message news:2ubljh512316kig6u17mqnmfu9g3g4u2op@4ax.com...
    On Mon, 3 Oct 2022 09:51:00 +0100, "Brian Gaff" <brian1gaff@gmail.com>
    wrote:

    I just wondered, as geosynchronous ones still seem to be being launched, >>and
    yet direct sat broadcasting does seem to be waning, what are they all >>actually doing? Is it just that old ones will not work with modern >>broadcast
    systems or are clapped out, or is there a growth in DBS to third world >>areas
    now?
    Brian

    DBS are designed to last 10 years.
    --

    Martin in Zuid Holland




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  • From Brian Gaff@21:1/5 to All on Tue Oct 4 12:06:46 2022
    No, mortally perhaps. You can after all be mortally wounded, but can you use that term to a non living piece of space hardware.
    Incidentally, what became of Marco Polo and its Squarial receivers?
    Brian

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    "wrightsaerials@aol.com" <wrightsaerials@f2s.com> wrote in message news:4d1bd5ea-c132-455c-b8cc-3b63bf13c827n@googlegroups.com...
    On Monday, 3 October 2022 at 15:23:22 UTC+1, Robin wrote:


    The satellite knows nothing of the signal structure (analogue, D2-MAC,
    DVB-S, DVB-S2 etc.) nor encryption [if any], so they do not become
    morally redundant.
    I perpetrate so many typos that I truly comment only to say I spent a
    shameful number of seconds wondering if that was a meaning of 'morally'
    which had previously escaped me :(

    I can't think what's going on here.

    Bill

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  • From Brian Gaff@21:1/5 to All on Tue Oct 4 12:09:22 2022
    Hmm, not sure that would be that clear either, as it implies it has on board
    a lot of modes of operation, something I'm not really aware of. I know some have additional functions paid for by third parties, often to do with
    sensing or comms like telemetry, which often do differ.
    Brian

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    "Robin" <rbw@outlook.com> wrote in message news:ed06be9e-5ae5-abea-4185-a86319b9231d@outlook.com...
    On 03/10/2022 19:48, wrightsaerials@aol.com wrote:
    On Monday, 3 October 2022 at 15:23:22 UTC+1, Robin wrote:


    The satellite knows nothing of the signal structure (analogue, D2-MAC, >>>> DVB-S, DVB-S2 etc.) nor encryption [if any], so they do not become
    morally redundant.
    I perpetrate so many typos that I truly comment only to say I spent a
    shameful number of seconds wondering if that was a meaning of 'morally'
    which had previously escaped me :(

    I can't think what's going on here.


    morally vs modally

    --
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    reply-to address is (intended to be) valid

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  • From Brian Gaff@21:1/5 to jon on Tue Oct 4 12:10:43 2022
    and... How does that connect? There is only one moon, with DBS sats there
    are many and all in the same orbit.
    Brian

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    "jon" <jon@nospam.cn> wrote in message news:thedj8$250ug$2@dont-email.me...
    On Mon, 03 Oct 2022 09:51:00 +0100, Brian Gaff wrote:

    I just wondered, as geosynchronous ones still seem to be being launched,
    and yet direct sat broadcasting does seem to be waning, what are they
    all actually doing? Is it just that old ones will not work with modern
    broadcast systems or are clapped out, or is there a growth in DBS to
    third world areas now?
    Brian

    The moon has been there for quite a while.

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  • From Brian Gaff@21:1/5 to Andy Burns on Tue Oct 4 12:11:41 2022
    So with the solar wind, how come they are not all bumping into each other?
    Brian

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    "Andy Burns" <usenet@andyburns.uk> wrote in message news:jq02ebFh5afU1@mid.individual.net...
    Brian Gaff wrote:

    I just wondered, as geosynchronous ones still seem to be being launched,
    and
    yet direct sat broadcasting does seem to be waning, what are they all
    actually doing?

    They only contain enough propellant to perform "station keeping" for a certain number of years, after that they're on borrowed time and can't actually start geostationary

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  • From Brian Gaff@21:1/5 to Davey on Tue Oct 4 12:13:43 2022
    Well, I think the target practice is mainly in low earth orbit otherwise
    there would be so much junk about we would be stuck on the planet or
    building spacecraft made of rubber.
    Brian

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    "Davey" <davey@example.invalid> wrote in message news:ther1d$27odr$3@dont-email.me...
    On Mon, 3 Oct 2022 09:51:00 +0100
    "Brian Gaff" <brian1gaff@gmail.com> wrote:

    I just wondered, as geosynchronous ones still seem to be being
    launched, and yet direct sat broadcasting does seem to be waning,
    what are they all actually doing? Is it just that old ones will not
    work with modern broadcast systems or are clapped out, or is there a
    growth in DBS to third world areas now?
    Brian


    It's nice to see a post using the word 'satellite' correctly, instead
    of having it refer to a satellite dish, which is an all-too common use.
    Thank you Brian.

    Don't forget that china and Russia use them for target practice.
    --
    Davey.


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  • From SH@21:1/5 to All on Tue Oct 4 12:47:14 2022
    On 04/10/2022 12:41, SH wrote:
    On 04/10/2022 12:06, Brian Gaff wrote:
    No, mortally perhaps. You can after all be mortally wounded, but can
    you use
    that term to a non living piece of space hardware.
      Incidentally, what became of Marco Polo and its Squarial receivers?
      Brian


    Marco Polo 1 and Marco Polo 2 had 5 transponders each so could support broadcasting of up to 10 channels (assuming no redundancy)

    They were launched as part of the Ill fated British Sky Broadcasting. I
    don't recall what satellite orbital slot it went to.

    At launch there was 5 TV channels in D2 Mac.

    Sky Television lauched to Astra 19.2E. Later, it merged with BSB to form BSkyB.

    The two Marcopolo satellites were sold off, one went to NSAB who
    operated 5.0 East and one of the Marcopolos became Sirius 1.

    The othetr Marcopolo was sold to Telenor who operated 1.0 West. That Marcopolo became Thor 1.

    Both Marcopolos are now end of lifed and in a graveyard orbit somewhere.



    Found my answer, The two Marcopolos were originally at 31 West (which is
    not far from the current Hispasat C and D at 30.0 West!

    Sirius 1 moved to graveyard in 2003 and Thor 1 moved to Graveyard in the
    same year.

    Both Marcopolos were launched in 1989 and 1990 respectively.

    S.

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  • From SH@21:1/5 to Brian Gaff on Tue Oct 4 12:41:40 2022
    On 04/10/2022 12:06, Brian Gaff wrote:
    No, mortally perhaps. You can after all be mortally wounded, but can you use that term to a non living piece of space hardware.
    Incidentally, what became of Marco Polo and its Squarial receivers?
    Brian


    Marco Polo 1 and Marco Polo 2 had 5 transponders each so could support broadcasting of up to 10 channels (assuming no redundancy)

    They were launched as part of the Ill fated British Sky Broadcasting. I
    don't recall what satellite orbital slot it went to.

    At launch there was 5 TV channels in D2 Mac.

    Sky Television lauched to Astra 19.2E. Later, it merged with BSB to form
    BSkyB.

    The two Marcopolo satellites were sold off, one went to NSAB who
    operated 5.0 East and one of the Marcopolos became Sirius 1.

    The othetr Marcopolo was sold to Telenor who operated 1.0 West. That
    Marcopolo became Thor 1.

    Both Marcopolos are now end of lifed and in a graveyard orbit somewhere.

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
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  • From MB@21:1/5 to Brian Gaff on Tue Oct 4 13:14:14 2022
    On 04/10/2022 12:02, Brian Gaff wrote:
    I know at least one of them has a Ham radio repeater on it, working at a
    high frequency as well, whether this utilised the same hardware or not I do not know.


    As far as I am aware, the OSCAR satellites are not geosynchronous and
    not HF, the original one was 144 MHz but later ones were on various
    bands in VHF, UHF and higher (I think).

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  • From Brian Gregory@21:1/5 to Brian Gaff on Tue Oct 4 16:05:04 2022
    If they're not completely full up with broadcast TV and radio then some
    of the available bandwidth is usually available to be hired for
    relatively short periods (typically a few hours but down to just minutes
    is possible) and is used for feeds from outside broadcasts, feeds or
    backup feeds to regional transmitters, and similar uses. Even though
    most feeds are encrypted I've been able to watch quite a few interesting
    ones on occasion even though the dish available for me to use is fixed
    and only points at Astra 2 at 28.2°E.

    On 03/10/2022 09:51, Brian Gaff wrote:
    I just wondered, as geosynchronous ones still seem to be being launched, and yet direct sat broadcasting does seem to be waning, what are they all actually doing? Is it just that old ones will not work with modern broadcast systems or are clapped out, or is there a growth in DBS to third world areas now?

    --
    Brian Gregory (in England).

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  • From Brian Gregory@21:1/5 to Brian Gaff on Tue Oct 4 16:16:51 2022
    Completely different uplink frequency.
    The Downlink frequency seems to be just below the frequencies used for
    DBS downlink.

    Narrowband Linear transponder (for all narrowband modes)
    2400.050 - 2400.300 MHz Uplink
    10489.550 - 10489.800 MHz Downlink

    Wideband digital transponder (For amateur digital TV)
    2401.500 - 2409.500 MHz Uplink
    10491.000 - 10499.000 MHz Downlink

    On 04/10/2022 12:02, Brian Gaff wrote:
    I know at least one of them has a Ham radio repeater on it, working at a
    high frequency as well, whether this utilised the same hardware or not I do not know.

    --
    Brian Gregory (in England).

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  • From Ashley Booth@21:1/5 to Brian Gaff on Thu Oct 6 08:37:25 2022
    Brian Gaff wrote:

    Well some are up there still being used well after that time, if you
    look on some of the lists you can download. Not sure why they would
    want one in an inclined orbit, as the whole point was that they seem
    to be static in the sky. It would be silly to have a sat that moved
    in little circles as viewed from earth, surely?

    Snip
    Brian

    I've transmitted to an old Astra satellite that was in an inclined
    orbit. This was for SNG (Satellite News Gathering). We had the ability
    to automatically track the figure of eight movement of the satellite.

    --

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
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  • From R. Mark Clayton@21:1/5 to wrightsaerials@aol.com on Fri Oct 7 07:30:47 2022
    On Monday, 3 October 2022 at 19:48:05 UTC+1, wrightsaerials@aol.com wrote:
    On Monday, 3 October 2022 at 15:23:22 UTC+1, Robin wrote:


    The satellite knows nothing of the signal structure (analogue, D2-MAC, DVB-S, DVB-S2 etc.) nor encryption [if any], so they do not become morally redundant.
    I perpetrate so many typos that I truly comment only to say I spent a shameful number of seconds wondering if that was a meaning of 'morally' which had previously escaped me :(
    I can't think what's going on here.

    Bill

    An item which is worn out or served its purpose is physically redundant - e.g. old car, empty non-returnable bottle.

    An item which was made for a purpose no longer utilised is morally redundant - e.g. videocrypt decoder, analogue mobile phone, VHF TV aerial - even if it would still function.

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
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  • From wrightsaerials@f2s.com@21:1/5 to R. Mark Clayton on Fri Oct 7 13:24:47 2022
    On Friday, 7 October 2022 at 15:30:49 UTC+1, R. Mark Clayton wrote:
    On Monday, 3 October 2022 at 19:48:05 UTC+1, wrights...@aol.com wrote:
    On Monday, 3 October 2022 at 15:23:22 UTC+1, Robin wrote:


    The satellite knows nothing of the signal structure (analogue, D2-MAC, DVB-S, DVB-S2 etc.) nor encryption [if any], so they do not become morally redundant.
    I perpetrate so many typos that I truly comment only to say I spent a shameful number of seconds wondering if that was a meaning of 'morally' which had previously escaped me :(
    I can't think what's going on here.

    Bill
    An item which is worn out or served its purpose is physically redundant - e.g. old car, empty non-returnable bottle.

    An item which was made for a purpose no longer utilised is morally redundant - e.g. videocrypt decoder, analogue mobile phone, VHF TV aerial - even if it would still function.
    I never knew that!
    Bill

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  • From Java Jive@21:1/5 to wrightsaerials@aol.com on Fri Oct 7 21:44:45 2022
    On 07/10/2022 21:24, wrightsaerials@aol.com wrote:

    On Friday, 7 October 2022 at 15:30:49 UTC+1, R. Mark Clayton wrote:

    An item which is worn out or served its purpose is physically redundant - e.g. old car, empty non-returnable bottle.

    An item which was made for a purpose no longer utilised is morally redundant - e.g. videocrypt decoder, analogue mobile phone, VHF TV aerial - even if it would still function.

    I never knew that!

    I also have never heard the word 'morally' used like that, and a brief
    online dictionary search didn't find that meaning either. Even if the
    word *is* actually used like that, which I rather doubt, for that
    intended meaning it would still be better to use a closer fitting word
    like 'functionally' or 'effectually'.

    --

    Fake news kills!

    I may be contacted via the contact address given on my website:
    www.macfh.co.uk

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  • From Ashley Booth@21:1/5 to All on Sat Oct 8 08:01:47 2022
    MB wrote:

    On 04/10/2022 12:02, Brian Gaff wrote:
    I know at least one of them has a Ham radio repeater on it, working
    at a high frequency as well, whether this utilised the same
    hardware or not I do not know.


    As far as I am aware, the OSCAR satellites are not geosynchronous and
    not HF, the original one was 144 MHz but later ones were on various
    bands in VHF, UHF and higher (I think).

    Oscar 100 is on a transponder on Es’hailSat at 26 deg east.

    https://amsat-dl.org/en/eshail-2-amsat-phase-4-a/

    --

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  • From R. Mark Clayton@21:1/5 to Java Jive on Sun Oct 9 05:34:08 2022
    On Friday, 7 October 2022 at 21:44:51 UTC+1, Java Jive wrote:
    On 07/10/2022 21:24, wrights...@aol.com wrote:

    On Friday, 7 October 2022 at 15:30:49 UTC+1, R. Mark Clayton wrote:

    An item which is worn out or served its purpose is physically redundant - e.g. old car, empty non-returnable bottle.

    An item which was made for a purpose no longer utilised is morally redundant - e.g. videocrypt decoder, analogue mobile phone, VHF TV aerial - even if it would still function.

    I never knew that!
    I also have never heard the word 'morally' used like that, and a brief online dictionary search didn't find that meaning either. Even if the
    word *is* actually used like that, which I rather doubt, for that
    intended meaning it would still be better to use a closer fitting word
    like 'functionally' or 'effectually'.

    --

    Fake news kills!

    I may be contacted via the contact address given on my website: www.macfh.co.uk

    I came across it some years ago in an economic text about why capital goods were replaced. Perhaps a better example would be steam trains. Only one built in over fifty years in the UK, and nearly all previous examples scrapped as not worth continuing
    to operate, some after little more than ten years.

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  • From JNugent@21:1/5 to R. Mark Clayton on Sun Oct 9 14:20:01 2022
    On 09/10/2022 01:34 pm, R. Mark Clayton wrote:

    On Friday, 7 October 2022 at 21:44:51 UTC+1, Java Jive wrote:
    On 07/10/2022 21:24, wrights...@aol.com wrote:
    On Friday, 7 October 2022 at 15:30:49 UTC+1, R. Mark Clayton wrote:

    An item which is worn out or served its purpose is physically redundant - e.g. old car, empty non-returnable bottle.

    An item which was made for a purpose no longer utilised is morally redundant - e.g. videocrypt decoder, analogue mobile phone, VHF TV aerial - even if it would still function.

    I never knew that!

    I also have never heard the word 'morally' used like that, and a brief
    online dictionary search didn't find that meaning either. Even if the
    word *is* actually used like that, which I rather doubt, for that
    intended meaning it would still be better to use a closer fitting word
    like 'functionally' or 'effectually'.
    Fake news kills!

    I may be contacted via the contact address given on my website:
    www.macfh.co.uk

    I came across it some years ago in an economic text about why capital goods were replaced. Perhaps a better example would be steam trains. Only one built in over fifty years in the UK, and nearly all previous examples scrapped as not worth continuing
    to operate, some after little more than ten years.

    Yeah... well... it was only taxpayers' money going down the drain...
    nothing for the railway fans to worry about, really.

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  • From Martin@21:1/5 to Ashley Booth on Mon Oct 10 11:40:24 2022
    On 6 Oct 2022 08:37:25 GMT, "Ashley Booth" <removetab@snglinks.com> wrote:

    Brian Gaff wrote:

    Well some are up there still being used well after that time, if you
    look on some of the lists you can download. Not sure why they would
    want one in an inclined orbit, as the whole point was that they seem
    to be static in the sky. It would be silly to have a sat that moved
    in little circles as viewed from earth, surely?

    Snip
    Brian

    I've transmitted to an old Astra satellite that was in an inclined
    orbit. This was for SNG (Satellite News Gathering). We had the ability
    to automatically track the figure of eight movement of the satellite.

    There are ESA satellites that still work after more than 30 years Ulysses for example. https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Ulysses_overview Italian built Artemis data relay satellite with a lot of innovative experiments on it still works 20 years after it was launched. It was put in a low earth orbit due to a rocket malfunction and used a revolutionary at the time ion propulsion motor to get into a geostationary orbit taking one year. It also can communicate using a laser beam. with the ground and between satellites. https://www.esa.int/Applications/Telecommunications_Integrated_Applications/Artemis
    --

    Martin in Zuid Holland

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