Yet another episode of PCSD, Post Colonial Stress Disorder between neighboring countries.

https://www.bignewsnetwork.com/news/272496770/pakistan-using-durand-line-dispute-with-taliban-as-a-pretext-to-target-pashtuns

"Islamabad [Pakistan], April 20 (ANI): The recent attacks by Pakistani forces on areas along the Pak-Afghan border indicate Islamabad's deep hatred for the tribal communities including Pashtuns, according to media reports.

More than 40 people died when rockets were fired from Pakistan Air Force (PAF) helicopters in Kunar, Khost, Paktika and other bordering provinces last week on April 16, while the neighboring country acknowledged only six deaths, and that too, after local
witnesses in Kunar province made claims of PAF helicopters firing rockets, Islam Khabar reported on Tuesday.

The tribals, especially Pashtuns living in hilly areas on both sides of the border have been the constant target of the Pakistan army.

However, what Islamabad refuses to acknowledge is the agony of the tribal people caught in hostilities between the two countries because of the dispute over the Durand line.

Notably, the Taliban regime in Afghanistan does not recognise the British-era Durand Line as the boundary between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Violations along the Durand Line continue to remain a bone of contention between the two countries.

The Durand Line divides the traditional Pashtun areas in Afghanistan and Pakistan."

--- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
* Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)

On Tuesday, April 19, 2022 at 8:53:22 PM UTC-4, ltlee1 wrote:

Yet another episode of PCSD, Post Colonial Stress Disorder between neighboring countries.

https://www.bignewsnetwork.com/news/272496770/pakistan-using-durand-line-dispute-with-taliban-as-a-pretext-to-target-pashtuns

"Islamabad [Pakistan], April 20 (ANI): The recent attacks by Pakistani forces on areas along the Pak-Afghan border indicate Islamabad's deep hatred for the tribal communities including Pashtuns, according to media reports.

More than 40 people died when rockets were fired from Pakistan Air Force (PAF) helicopters in Kunar, Khost, Paktika and other bordering provinces last week on April 16, while the neighboring country acknowledged only six deaths, and that too, after

local witnesses in Kunar province made claims of PAF helicopters firing rockets, Islam Khabar reported on Tuesday.

The tribals, especially Pashtuns living in hilly areas on both sides of the border have been the constant target of the Pakistan army.

However, what Islamabad refuses to acknowledge is the agony of the tribal people caught in hostilities between the two countries because of the dispute over the Durand line.

Notably, the Taliban regime in Afghanistan does not recognise the British-era Durand Line as the boundary between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Violations along the Durand Line continue to remain a bone of contention between the two countries.

The Durand Line divides the traditional Pashtun areas in Afghanistan and Pakistan."

More on the Durand Line from Wikepeida:
"The Durand Line was established in 1893 as the international border between British India and the Emirate of Afghanistan by Mortimer Durand, a British diplomat of the Indian Civil Service, and Abdur Rahman Khan, the Afghan Emir, to fix the limit of
their respective spheres of influence and improve diplomatic relations and trade. The British considered Afghanistan to be an independent state at the time, although they controlled its foreign affairs and diplomatic relations.

The single-page Agreement, dated 12 November 1893, contains seven short articles, including a commitment not to exercise interference beyond the Durand Line.[2] A joint British-Afghan demarcation survey took place starting from 1894, covering some 800
miles (1,300 km) of the border.[3][4] Established towards the close of the British–Russian "Great Game", the resulting line established Afghanistan as a buffer zone between British and Russian interests in the region.[5] The line, as slightly modified
by the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919, was inherited by Pakistan in 1947, following its independence.

The Durand Line cuts through the Pashtun tribal areas and further south through the Balochistan region, politically dividing ethnic Pashtuns, as well as the Baloch and other ethnic groups, who live on both sides of the border. It demarcates Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan and Gilgit-Baltistan of northern and western Pakistan from the northeastern and southern provinces of Afghanistan. From a geopolitical and geostrategic perspective, it has been described as one of the most dangerous borders in
the world.[6][7][8][9]

Although the Durand Line is internationally recognized as the western border of Pakistan, it remains largely unrecognized in Afghanistan.[10][11][12][13][14] Sardar Mohammed Daoud Khan, former prime minister and president of Afghanistan, vigorously
opposed the border and launched a propaganda war – however during his visit to Pakistan in August 1976 he softened his tone by recognising the Durand line as the border.[15][16][17][18][19] In 2017, amid cross-border tensions, former Afghan President
Hamid Karzai said that Afghanistan will "never recognise" the Durand Line as the border between the two countries.[20]"

Given that the Durand Line border is not bilaterally, Border conflicts between the two are inevitable. Just a matter of when.
China would be in a difficult position if it wants to befriend both neighboring nations. The only choice is disciplined neutrality.

Russo-Ukraine border has similar problem, the Pravda.Ru article provides a pro-Russian view:
https://english.pravda.ru/world/151299-ukraine/

-------------------------------------------------------------------
What is Ukraine and where are its borders?
For all the time of its existence, Ukraine has never demarcated the border with Russia. Despite the current treaty on mutual recognition of borders, it has not been actually implemented. The current treaty has been in force since 2010. Russia agreed to
consider the administrative border between the Ukrainian SSR and the RSFSR of the era of the late Soviet Union as the state border, until Crimea reunited with Russia and the DPR and LPR were recognized as independent states.
What is Ukraine and where are its borders?
What border of what state?
Meanwhile, the question of the legitimacy to recognize this conditional line as a state border still remains on the agenda.
Immediately after the return of the Crimea to Russian jurisdiction, a request was sent to revise the state border treaty in 2014. This request was sent by deputy of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation Yevgeny Fedorov to the speaker of the
lower house Sergei Naryshkin.

History reference
The border treaty between Russia and Ukraine is based on the Belavezha agreement from December 8, 1991. The administrative borders between the republics were then recognized as state borders. The principle was confirmed by the Alma-Ata Declaration from
December 21, 1991. The treaty of friendship and cooperation between Russia and Ukraine confirmed the recognition of former Soviet administrative units as independent subjects of international law in 1998.

Despite the legality of the borders, Kyiv's position is a very precarious. Crimean referendum proved that peoples have the right to free expression of will, in which they are free to decide their own destiny. History knows many examples when
international treaties on the recognition of frontiers had remained without effect. The direct expression of the will of the people was required in order to resolve this or that territorial issue.

A similar thing happened on the border of France and Germany, when in 1947 France annexed, as a victorious power of the Second World War, an entire area of the state bordering it. This area was called the protectorate of Saar. The plebiscite was held on
the future of the disputed territory, which allowed the Germans to return to the fold of the FRG in 1955.
...
-------------------------------------------------------------------

--- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
* Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)

On Friday, April 22, 2022 at 8:41:50 PM UTC+8, ltlee1 wrote:

On Tuesday, April 19, 2022 at 8:53:22 PM UTC-4, ltlee1 wrote:

Yet another episode of PCSD, Post Colonial Stress Disorder between neighboring countries.

https://www.bignewsnetwork.com/news/272496770/pakistan-using-durand-line-dispute-with-taliban-as-a-pretext-to-target-pashtuns

"Islamabad [Pakistan], April 20 (ANI): The recent attacks by Pakistani forces on areas along the Pak-Afghan border indicate Islamabad's deep hatred for the tribal communities including Pashtuns, according to media reports.

More than 40 people died when rockets were fired from Pakistan Air Force (PAF) helicopters in Kunar, Khost, Paktika and other bordering provinces last week on April 16, while the neighboring country acknowledged only six deaths, and that too, after

local witnesses in Kunar province made claims of PAF helicopters firing rockets, Islam Khabar reported on Tuesday.

The tribals, especially Pashtuns living in hilly areas on both sides of the border have been the constant target of the Pakistan army.

However, what Islamabad refuses to acknowledge is the agony of the tribal people caught in hostilities between the two countries because of the dispute over the Durand line.

Notably, the Taliban regime in Afghanistan does not recognise the British-era Durand Line as the boundary between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Violations along the Durand Line continue to remain a bone of contention between the two countries.

The Durand Line divides the traditional Pashtun areas in Afghanistan and Pakistan."

More on the Durand Line from Wikepeida:
"The Durand Line was established in 1893 as the international border between British India and the Emirate of Afghanistan by Mortimer Durand, a British diplomat of the Indian Civil Service, and Abdur Rahman Khan, the Afghan Emir, to fix the limit of

their respective spheres of influence and improve diplomatic relations and trade. The British considered Afghanistan to be an independent state at the time, although they controlled its foreign affairs and diplomatic relations.

The single-page Agreement, dated 12 November 1893, contains seven short articles, including a commitment not to exercise interference beyond the Durand Line.[2] A joint British-Afghan demarcation survey took place starting from 1894, covering some 800

miles (1,300 km) of the border.[3][4] Established towards the close of the British–Russian "Great Game", the resulting line established Afghanistan as a buffer zone between British and Russian interests in the region.[5] The line, as slightly modified
by the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919, was inherited by Pakistan in 1947, following its independence.

The Durand Line cuts through the Pashtun tribal areas and further south through the Balochistan region, politically dividing ethnic Pashtuns, as well as the Baloch and other ethnic groups, who live on both sides of the border. It demarcates Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan and Gilgit-Baltistan of northern and western Pakistan from the northeastern and southern provinces of Afghanistan. From a geopolitical and geostrategic perspective, it has been described as one of the most dangerous borders in
the world.[6][7][8][9]

Although the Durand Line is internationally recognized as the western border of Pakistan, it remains largely unrecognized in Afghanistan.[10][11][12][13][14] Sardar Mohammed Daoud Khan, former prime minister and president of Afghanistan, vigorously

opposed the border and launched a propaganda war – however during his visit to Pakistan in August 1976 he softened his tone by recognising the Durand line as the border.[15][16][17][18][19] In 2017, amid cross-border tensions, former Afghan President
Hamid Karzai said that Afghanistan will "never recognise" the Durand Line as the border between the two countries.[20]"

Given that the Durand Line border is not bilaterally, Border conflicts between the two are inevitable. Just a matter of when.
China would be in a difficult position if it wants to befriend both neighboring nations. The only choice is disciplined neutrality.

Russo-Ukraine border has similar problem, the Pravda.Ru article provides a pro-Russian view:
https://english.pravda.ru/world/151299-ukraine/

-------------------------------------------------------------------
What is Ukraine and where are its borders?
For all the time of its existence, Ukraine has never demarcated the border with Russia. Despite the current treaty on mutual recognition of borders, it has not been actually implemented. The current treaty has been in force since 2010. Russia agreed to

consider the administrative border between the Ukrainian SSR and the RSFSR of the era of the late Soviet Union as the state border, until Crimea reunited with Russia and the DPR and LPR were recognized as independent states.

What is Ukraine and where are its borders?
What border of what state?
Meanwhile, the question of the legitimacy to recognize this conditional line as a state border still remains on the agenda.
Immediately after the return of the Crimea to Russian jurisdiction, a request was sent to revise the state border treaty in 2014. This request was sent by deputy of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation Yevgeny Fedorov to the speaker of the

lower house Sergei Naryshkin.

History reference
The border treaty between Russia and Ukraine is based on the Belavezha agreement from December 8, 1991. The administrative borders between the republics were then recognized as state borders. The principle was confirmed by the Alma-Ata Declaration from

December 21, 1991. The treaty of friendship and cooperation between Russia and Ukraine confirmed the recognition of former Soviet administrative units as independent subjects of international law in 1998.

Despite the legality of the borders, Kyiv's position is a very precarious. Crimean referendum proved that peoples have the right to free expression of will, in which they are free to decide their own destiny. History knows many examples when

international treaties on the recognition of frontiers had remained without effect. The direct expression of the will of the people was required in order to resolve this or that territorial issue.

A similar thing happened on the border of France and Germany, when in 1947 France annexed, as a victorious power of the Second World War, an entire area of the state bordering it. This area was called the protectorate of Saar. The plebiscite was held

on the future of the disputed territory, which allowed the Germans to return to the fold of the FRG in 1955.

...
-------------------------------------------------------------------

When the British left those colonial countries they left with with many problems for them. Borders and boundaries and things were not satisfactorily resolved and solved to the agreements with those countries that were unhappy and unacceptable with it. If
history can be rewind back, it should be reworked through to a solution, instead.

--- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
* Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)

On Sunday, April 24, 2022 at 1:08:54 PM UTC-4, stoney wrote:

On Friday, April 22, 2022 at 8:41:50 PM UTC+8, ltlee1 wrote:

On Tuesday, April 19, 2022 at 8:53:22 PM UTC-4, ltlee1 wrote:

Yet another episode of PCSD, Post Colonial Stress Disorder between neighboring countries.

https://www.bignewsnetwork.com/news/272496770/pakistan-using-durand-line-dispute-with-taliban-as-a-pretext-to-target-pashtuns

"Islamabad [Pakistan], April 20 (ANI): The recent attacks by Pakistani forces on areas along the Pak-Afghan border indicate Islamabad's deep hatred for the tribal communities including Pashtuns, according to media reports.

More than 40 people died when rockets were fired from Pakistan Air Force (PAF) helicopters in Kunar, Khost, Paktika and other bordering provinces last week on April 16, while the neighboring country acknowledged only six deaths, and that too, after

local witnesses in Kunar province made claims of PAF helicopters firing rockets, Islam Khabar reported on Tuesday.

The tribals, especially Pashtuns living in hilly areas on both sides of the border have been the constant target of the Pakistan army.

However, what Islamabad refuses to acknowledge is the agony of the tribal people caught in hostilities between the two countries because of the dispute over the Durand line.

Notably, the Taliban regime in Afghanistan does not recognise the British-era Durand Line as the boundary between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Violations along the Durand Line continue to remain a bone of contention between the two countries.

The Durand Line divides the traditional Pashtun areas in Afghanistan and Pakistan."

More on the Durand Line from Wikepeida:
"The Durand Line was established in 1893 as the international border between British India and the Emirate of Afghanistan by Mortimer Durand, a British diplomat of the Indian Civil Service, and Abdur Rahman Khan, the Afghan Emir, to fix the limit of

their respective spheres of influence and improve diplomatic relations and trade. The British considered Afghanistan to be an independent state at the time, although they controlled its foreign affairs and diplomatic relations.

The single-page Agreement, dated 12 November 1893, contains seven short articles, including a commitment not to exercise interference beyond the Durand Line.[2] A joint British-Afghan demarcation survey took place starting from 1894, covering some

800 miles (1,300 km) of the border.[3][4] Established towards the close of the British–Russian "Great Game", the resulting line established Afghanistan as a buffer zone between British and Russian interests in the region.[5] The line, as slightly
modified by the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919, was inherited by Pakistan in 1947, following its independence.

The Durand Line cuts through the Pashtun tribal areas and further south through the Balochistan region, politically dividing ethnic Pashtuns, as well as the Baloch and other ethnic groups, who live on both sides of the border. It demarcates Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan and Gilgit-Baltistan of northern and western Pakistan from the northeastern and southern provinces of Afghanistan. From a geopolitical and geostrategic perspective, it has been described as one of the most dangerous borders in
the world.[6][7][8][9]

Although the Durand Line is internationally recognized as the western border of Pakistan, it remains largely unrecognized in Afghanistan.[10][11][12][13][14] Sardar Mohammed Daoud Khan, former prime minister and president of Afghanistan, vigorously

opposed the border and launched a propaganda war – however during his visit to Pakistan in August 1976 he softened his tone by recognising the Durand line as the border.[15][16][17][18][19] In 2017, amid cross-border tensions, former Afghan President
Hamid Karzai said that Afghanistan will "never recognise" the Durand Line as the border between the two countries.[20]"

Given that the Durand Line border is not bilaterally, Border conflicts between the two are inevitable. Just a matter of when.
China would be in a difficult position if it wants to befriend both neighboring nations. The only choice is disciplined neutrality.

Russo-Ukraine border has similar problem, the Pravda.Ru article provides a pro-Russian view:
https://english.pravda.ru/world/151299-ukraine/

-------------------------------------------------------------------
What is Ukraine and where are its borders?
For all the time of its existence, Ukraine has never demarcated the border with Russia. Despite the current treaty on mutual recognition of borders, it has not been actually implemented. The current treaty has been in force since 2010. Russia agreed

to consider the administrative border between the Ukrainian SSR and the RSFSR of the era of the late Soviet Union as the state border, until Crimea reunited with Russia and the DPR and LPR were recognized as independent states.

What is Ukraine and where are its borders?
What border of what state?
Meanwhile, the question of the legitimacy to recognize this conditional line as a state border still remains on the agenda.
Immediately after the return of the Crimea to Russian jurisdiction, a request was sent to revise the state border treaty in 2014. This request was sent by deputy of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation Yevgeny Fedorov to the speaker of the

lower house Sergei Naryshkin.

History reference
The border treaty between Russia and Ukraine is based on the Belavezha agreement from December 8, 1991. The administrative borders between the republics were then recognized as state borders. The principle was confirmed by the Alma-Ata Declaration

from December 21, 1991. The treaty of friendship and cooperation between Russia and Ukraine confirmed the recognition of former Soviet administrative units as independent subjects of international law in 1998.

Despite the legality of the borders, Kyiv's position is a very precarious. Crimean referendum proved that peoples have the right to free expression of will, in which they are free to decide their own destiny. History knows many examples when

international treaties on the recognition of frontiers had remained without effect. The direct expression of the will of the people was required in order to resolve this or that territorial issue.

A similar thing happened on the border of France and Germany, when in 1947 France annexed, as a victorious power of the Second World War, an entire area of the state bordering it. This area was called the protectorate of Saar. The plebiscite was held

on the future of the disputed territory, which allowed the Germans to return to the fold of the FRG in 1955.

...
-------------------------------------------------------------------

When the British left those colonial countries they left with with many problems for them. Borders and boundaries and things were not satisfactorily resolved and solved to the agreements with those countries that were unhappy and unacceptable with it.

If history can be rewind back, it should be reworked through to a solution, instead.

Newly independent nations were in general too weak. They also wanted to be recognized internationally.
Hence, they all joined UN despite wrongly joined borders. But as time went by, they found the borders
more and more unacceptable. Hence violence.

Russia of course belongs to a different league. Yet it also experience economic breakdown. Reshaping
the Russo-Ukrainian border to its favor is a stone which kills several birds. 1) Russians are becoming Russians again.
2) It precludes NATO from using Ukraine as a staging area against Russia. US may continue to use Ukrainians.
But EU nations are likely to think differently.
3) It punishes Ukrainian nationalists.

--- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
* Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)

On Wednesday, April 27, 2022 at 1:57:03 AM UTC+8, ltlee1 wrote:

On Sunday, April 24, 2022 at 1:08:54 PM UTC-4, stoney wrote:

On Friday, April 22, 2022 at 8:41:50 PM UTC+8, ltlee1 wrote:

On Tuesday, April 19, 2022 at 8:53:22 PM UTC-4, ltlee1 wrote:

Yet another episode of PCSD, Post Colonial Stress Disorder between neighboring countries.

https://www.bignewsnetwork.com/news/272496770/pakistan-using-durand-line-dispute-with-taliban-as-a-pretext-to-target-pashtuns

"Islamabad [Pakistan], April 20 (ANI): The recent attacks by Pakistani forces on areas along the Pak-Afghan border indicate Islamabad's deep hatred for the tribal communities including Pashtuns, according to media reports.

More than 40 people died when rockets were fired from Pakistan Air Force (PAF) helicopters in Kunar, Khost, Paktika and other bordering provinces last week on April 16, while the neighboring country acknowledged only six deaths, and that too,

after local witnesses in Kunar province made claims of PAF helicopters firing rockets, Islam Khabar reported on Tuesday.

The tribals, especially Pashtuns living in hilly areas on both sides of the border have been the constant target of the Pakistan army.

However, what Islamabad refuses to acknowledge is the agony of the tribal people caught in hostilities between the two countries because of the dispute over the Durand line.

Notably, the Taliban regime in Afghanistan does not recognise the British-era Durand Line as the boundary between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Violations along the Durand Line continue to remain a bone of contention between the two countries.

The Durand Line divides the traditional Pashtun areas in Afghanistan and Pakistan."

More on the Durand Line from Wikepeida:
"The Durand Line was established in 1893 as the international border between British India and the Emirate of Afghanistan by Mortimer Durand, a British diplomat of the Indian Civil Service, and Abdur Rahman Khan, the Afghan Emir, to fix the limit

of their respective spheres of influence and improve diplomatic relations and trade. The British considered Afghanistan to be an independent state at the time, although they controlled its foreign affairs and diplomatic relations.

The single-page Agreement, dated 12 November 1893, contains seven short articles, including a commitment not to exercise interference beyond the Durand Line.[2] A joint British-Afghan demarcation survey took place starting from 1894, covering some

800 miles (1,300 km) of the border.[3][4] Established towards the close of the British–Russian "Great Game", the resulting line established Afghanistan as a buffer zone between British and Russian interests in the region.[5] The line, as slightly
modified by the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919, was inherited by Pakistan in 1947, following its independence.

The Durand Line cuts through the Pashtun tribal areas and further south through the Balochistan region, politically dividing ethnic Pashtuns, as well as the Baloch and other ethnic groups, who live on both sides of the border. It demarcates Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan and Gilgit-Baltistan of northern and western Pakistan from the northeastern and southern provinces of Afghanistan. From a geopolitical and geostrategic perspective, it has been described as one of the most dangerous borders in
the world.[6][7][8][9]

Although the Durand Line is internationally recognized as the western border of Pakistan, it remains largely unrecognized in Afghanistan.[10][11][12][13][14] Sardar Mohammed Daoud Khan, former prime minister and president of Afghanistan, vigorously

opposed the border and launched a propaganda war – however during his visit to Pakistan in August 1976 he softened his tone by recognising the Durand line as the border.[15][16][17][18][19] In 2017, amid cross-border tensions, former Afghan President
Hamid Karzai said that Afghanistan will "never recognise" the Durand Line as the border between the two countries.[20]"

Given that the Durand Line border is not bilaterally, Border conflicts between the two are inevitable. Just a matter of when.
China would be in a difficult position if it wants to befriend both neighboring nations. The only choice is disciplined neutrality.

Russo-Ukraine border has similar problem, the Pravda.Ru article provides a pro-Russian view:
https://english.pravda.ru/world/151299-ukraine/

-------------------------------------------------------------------
What is Ukraine and where are its borders?
For all the time of its existence, Ukraine has never demarcated the border with Russia. Despite the current treaty on mutual recognition of borders, it has not been actually implemented. The current treaty has been in force since 2010. Russia

agreed to consider the administrative border between the Ukrainian SSR and the RSFSR of the era of the late Soviet Union as the state border, until Crimea reunited with Russia and the DPR and LPR were recognized as independent states.

What is Ukraine and where are its borders?
What border of what state?
Meanwhile, the question of the legitimacy to recognize this conditional line as a state border still remains on the agenda.
Immediately after the return of the Crimea to Russian jurisdiction, a request was sent to revise the state border treaty in 2014. This request was sent by deputy of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation Yevgeny Fedorov to the speaker of

the lower house Sergei Naryshkin.

History reference
The border treaty between Russia and Ukraine is based on the Belavezha agreement from December 8, 1991. The administrative borders between the republics were then recognized as state borders. The principle was confirmed by the Alma-Ata Declaration

from December 21, 1991. The treaty of friendship and cooperation between Russia and Ukraine confirmed the recognition of former Soviet administrative units as independent subjects of international law in 1998.

Despite the legality of the borders, Kyiv's position is a very precarious. Crimean referendum proved that peoples have the right to free expression of will, in which they are free to decide their own destiny. History knows many examples when

international treaties on the recognition of frontiers had remained without effect. The direct expression of the will of the people was required in order to resolve this or that territorial issue.

A similar thing happened on the border of France and Germany, when in 1947 France annexed, as a victorious power of the Second World War, an entire area of the state bordering it. This area was called the protectorate of Saar. The plebiscite was

held on the future of the disputed territory, which allowed the Germans to return to the fold of the FRG in 1955.

...
-------------------------------------------------------------------

When the British left those colonial countries they left with with many problems for them. Borders and boundaries and things were not satisfactorily resolved and solved to the agreements with those countries that were unhappy and unacceptable with it.

If history can be rewind back, it should be reworked through to a solution, instead.

Newly independent nations were in general too weak. They also wanted to be recognized internationally.
Hence, they all joined UN despite wrongly joined borders. But as time went by, they found the borders
more and more unacceptable. Hence violence.

Russia of course belongs to a different league. Yet it also experience economic breakdown. Reshaping
the Russo-Ukrainian border to its favor is a stone which kills several birds.
1) Russians are becoming Russians again.
2) It precludes NATO from using Ukraine as a staging area against Russia. US may continue to use Ukrainians.
But EU nations are likely to think differently.
3) It punishes Ukrainian nationalists.

Does that mean the reshaping of the current Russo-Ukraine border to its favor means the current border is not in its natural border?

Why EU nations are likely to think differently?

Is it not expected of EU nations to resist Russia from advancing to them, and hence in order not to confront a direct war with Russia, they would hire fighters to fight and protect Ukraine as well as their borders, as they want Ukraine to be their
bulwark or defensive wall for themselves as EU nations against Russia, but is not for Ukraine?.

--- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
* Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)

On Tuesday, April 26, 2022 at 8:46:54 PM UTC-4, stoney wrote:

On Wednesday, April 27, 2022 at 1:57:03 AM UTC+8, ltlee1 wrote:

On Sunday, April 24, 2022 at 1:08:54 PM UTC-4, stoney wrote:

On Friday, April 22, 2022 at 8:41:50 PM UTC+8, ltlee1 wrote:

On Tuesday, April 19, 2022 at 8:53:22 PM UTC-4, ltlee1 wrote:

Yet another episode of PCSD, Post Colonial Stress Disorder between neighboring countries.

https://www.bignewsnetwork.com/news/272496770/pakistan-using-durand-line-dispute-with-taliban-as-a-pretext-to-target-pashtuns

"Islamabad [Pakistan], April 20 (ANI): The recent attacks by Pakistani forces on areas along the Pak-Afghan border indicate Islamabad's deep hatred for the tribal communities including Pashtuns, according to media reports.

More than 40 people died when rockets were fired from Pakistan Air Force (PAF) helicopters in Kunar, Khost, Paktika and other bordering provinces last week on April 16, while the neighboring country acknowledged only six deaths, and that too,

after local witnesses in Kunar province made claims of PAF helicopters firing rockets, Islam Khabar reported on Tuesday.

The tribals, especially Pashtuns living in hilly areas on both sides of the border have been the constant target of the Pakistan army.

However, what Islamabad refuses to acknowledge is the agony of the tribal people caught in hostilities between the two countries because of the dispute over the Durand line.

Notably, the Taliban regime in Afghanistan does not recognise the British-era Durand Line as the boundary between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Violations along the Durand Line continue to remain a bone of contention between the two countries.

The Durand Line divides the traditional Pashtun areas in Afghanistan and Pakistan."

More on the Durand Line from Wikepeida:
"The Durand Line was established in 1893 as the international border between British India and the Emirate of Afghanistan by Mortimer Durand, a British diplomat of the Indian Civil Service, and Abdur Rahman Khan, the Afghan Emir, to fix the limit

of their respective spheres of influence and improve diplomatic relations and trade. The British considered Afghanistan to be an independent state at the time, although they controlled its foreign affairs and diplomatic relations.

The single-page Agreement, dated 12 November 1893, contains seven short articles, including a commitment not to exercise interference beyond the Durand Line.[2] A joint British-Afghan demarcation survey took place starting from 1894, covering

some 800 miles (1,300 km) of the border.[3][4] Established towards the close of the British–Russian "Great Game", the resulting line established Afghanistan as a buffer zone between British and Russian interests in the region.[5] The line, as slightly
modified by the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919, was inherited by Pakistan in 1947, following its independence.

The Durand Line cuts through the Pashtun tribal areas and further south through the Balochistan region, politically dividing ethnic Pashtuns, as well as the Baloch and other ethnic groups, who live on both sides of the border. It demarcates

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan and Gilgit-Baltistan of northern and western Pakistan from the northeastern and southern provinces of Afghanistan. From a geopolitical and geostrategic perspective, it has been described as one of the most dangerous
borders in the world.[6][7][8][9]

Although the Durand Line is internationally recognized as the western border of Pakistan, it remains largely unrecognized in Afghanistan.[10][11][12][13][14] Sardar Mohammed Daoud Khan, former prime minister and president of Afghanistan,

vigorously opposed the border and launched a propaganda war – however during his visit to Pakistan in August 1976 he softened his tone by recognising the Durand line as the border.[15][16][17][18][19] In 2017, amid cross-border tensions, former Afghan
President Hamid Karzai said that Afghanistan will "never recognise" the Durand Line as the border between the two countries.[20]"

Given that the Durand Line border is not bilaterally, Border conflicts between the two are inevitable. Just a matter of when.
China would be in a difficult position if it wants to befriend both neighboring nations. The only choice is disciplined neutrality.

Russo-Ukraine border has similar problem, the Pravda.Ru article provides a pro-Russian view:
https://english.pravda.ru/world/151299-ukraine/

------------------------------------------------------------------- What is Ukraine and where are its borders?
For all the time of its existence, Ukraine has never demarcated the border with Russia. Despite the current treaty on mutual recognition of borders, it has not been actually implemented. The current treaty has been in force since 2010. Russia

agreed to consider the administrative border between the Ukrainian SSR and the RSFSR of the era of the late Soviet Union as the state border, until Crimea reunited with Russia and the DPR and LPR were recognized as independent states.

What is Ukraine and where are its borders?
What border of what state?
Meanwhile, the question of the legitimacy to recognize this conditional line as a state border still remains on the agenda.
Immediately after the return of the Crimea to Russian jurisdiction, a request was sent to revise the state border treaty in 2014. This request was sent by deputy of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation Yevgeny Fedorov to the speaker of

the lower house Sergei Naryshkin.

History reference
The border treaty between Russia and Ukraine is based on the Belavezha agreement from December 8, 1991. The administrative borders between the republics were then recognized as state borders. The principle was confirmed by the Alma-Ata

Declaration from December 21, 1991. The treaty of friendship and cooperation between Russia and Ukraine confirmed the recognition of former Soviet administrative units as independent subjects of international law in 1998.

Despite the legality of the borders, Kyiv's position is a very precarious. Crimean referendum proved that peoples have the right to free expression of will, in which they are free to decide their own destiny. History knows many examples when

international treaties on the recognition of frontiers had remained without effect. The direct expression of the will of the people was required in order to resolve this or that territorial issue.

A similar thing happened on the border of France and Germany, when in 1947 France annexed, as a victorious power of the Second World War, an entire area of the state bordering it. This area was called the protectorate of Saar. The plebiscite was

held on the future of the disputed territory, which allowed the Germans to return to the fold of the FRG in 1955.

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When the British left those colonial countries they left with with many problems for them. Borders and boundaries and things were not satisfactorily resolved and solved to the agreements with those countries that were unhappy and unacceptable with

it. If history can be rewind back, it should be reworked through to a solution, instead.

Newly independent nations were in general too weak. They also wanted to be recognized internationally.
Hence, they all joined UN despite wrongly joined borders. But as time went by, they found the borders
more and more unacceptable. Hence violence.

Russia of course belongs to a different league. Yet it also experience economic breakdown. Reshaping
the Russo-Ukrainian border to its favor is a stone which kills several birds.
1) Russians are becoming Russians again.
2) It precludes NATO from using Ukraine as a staging area against Russia. US may continue to use Ukrainians.
But EU nations are likely to think differently.
3) It punishes Ukrainian nationalists.

Does that mean the reshaping of the current Russo-Ukraine border to its favor means the current border is not in its natural border?

Natural border means a border not imposed forcibly by one side or by an external party and/or considered acceptable by both sides.

Why EU nations are likely to think differently?

Does it matter? Do you think bilateral border should be externally determined.

Is it not expected of EU nations to resist Russia from advancing to them, and hence in order not to confront a direct war with Russia, they would hire fighters to fight and protect Ukraine as well as their borders, as they want Ukraine to be their

bulwark or defensive wall for themselves as EU nations against Russia, but is not for Ukraine?

They might if they feel threatened by Russia.

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On Wednesday, April 27, 2022 at 9:33:02 AM UTC+8, ltlee1 wrote:

Does that mean the reshaping of the current Russo-Ukraine border to its favor means the current border is not in its natural border?

Natural border means a border not imposed forcibly by one side or by an external party and/or considered acceptable by both sides.

Can the UN or they as Ukraine and Russia go through negotiation on their own natural borders not imposed by external party whoever had taken on them?

Why EU nations are likely to think differently?

Does it matter? Do you think bilateral border should be externally determined.

Seriously, bilateral border is usually determined at the meeting negotiating their own determined border either from history or from other contested situation like war, which changed their border demarcation. But unfortunately, to-date, no country is
willing to withdraw to its original or natural border when they invaded and conquered and occupied it forever, until it is changed by force of war or force by people in the occupied land.

Is it not expected of EU nations to resist Russia from advancing to them, and hence in order not to confront a direct war with Russia, they would hire fighters to fight and protect Ukraine as well as their borders, as they want Ukraine to be their

bulwark or defensive wall for themselves as EU nations against Russia, but is not for Ukraine?

They might if they feel threatened by Russia.

They, as EU, might means they are not so sure if they have the willingness of sending human resources to sacrifice for them to defend another country like Ukraine. EU insofar, after three months of Ukraine war, dared not make any collective statement nor
comments after their meeting with Biden in EU.

Hence, it is unlikely EU will engage war on Russia in Ukraine. The war is too long into it for them to enter to war wih Russia in Ukraine. US will also not dare to enter into war with Russia in Ukraine, given that the war is also too long into it, which
means it is too long for their participation into it, too.

Currently, the threat of nuclear war is taken seriously by the US and EU. If the threat of nuclear war by Russia is not taken seriously, will the EU and US willing to go in to fight for UKraine?

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