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Hereunder is the Constitution of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Compare the constitutions of the Special Regions of Burma, and see how the Brutal Bamar Racist Buddhist Fascist Mercenary Terrorist Rapist (BBRBFMTR) USDP Oppressive
Governmemt did not give freedom and rights to the special regions.

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Hong Kong - Constitution Index Page Document Table of Contents

{ Adopted on: 4 April 1990 }
{ Effective since: 1 July 1997 }
{ ICL Document Status: 4 April 1990 }



Preamble Long_Preamble

Hong Kong has been part of the territory of China since ancient times; it was occupied by Britain after the Opium War in 1840. On 19 December 1984, the Chinese and British Governments signed the Joint Declaration on the Question of Hong Kong, affirming
that the Government of the People's Republic of China will resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong with effect from 1 July 1997, thus fulfilling the long-cherished common aspiration of the Chinese people for the recovery of Hong Kong.
Upholding national unity and territorial integrity, maintaining the prosperity and stability of Hong Kong, and taking account of its history and realities, the People's Republic of China has decided that upon China's resumption of the exercise of
sovereignty over Hong Kong, a Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will be established in accordance with the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, and that under the principle of "one country, two systems",
the socialist system and policies will not be practised in Hong Kong. The basic policies of the People's Republic of China regarding Hong Kong have been elaborated by the Chinese Government in the Sino-British Joint Declaration.
In accordance with the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, the National People's Congress hereby enacts the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, prescribing the systems to be practised in
the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, in order to ensure the implementation of the basic policies of the People's Republic of China regarding Hong Kong.11

Chapter I General Principles

Article 1
The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is an inalienable part of the People's Republic of China.

Article 2
The National People's Congress authorizes the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region to exercise a high degree of autonomy and enjoy executive, legislative and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication, in accordance with the
provisions of this Law.

Article 3
The executive authorities and legislature of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be composed of permanent residents of Hong Kong in accordance with the relevant provisions of this Law.

Article 4
The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall safeguard the rights and freedoms62 of the residents of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and of other persons in the Region in accordance with law.

Article 5
The socialist system and policies shall not be practised in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and the previous capitalist system and way of life shall remain unchanged for 50 years.

Article 6
The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall protect the right of private ownership of property in accordance with law.

Article 7
The land and natural resources within the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be State property. The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be responsible for their management, use and development and for their lease
or grant to individuals, legal persons or organizations for use or development. The revenues derived therefrom shall be exclusively at the disposal of the government of the Region.

Article 8
The laws previously in force in Hong Kong, that is, the common law, rules of equity, ordinances, subordinate legislation and customary law shall be maintained, except for any that contravene this Law, and subject to any amendment by the legislature of
the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

Article 9
In addition to the Chinese language, English may also be used as an official language by the executive authorities, legislature and judiciary of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

Article 10
(1) Apart from displaying the national flag and national emblem of the People's Republic of China, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region may also use a regional flag and regional emblem.
(2) The regional flag of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is a red flag with a bauhinia highlighted by five star-tipped stamens.
(3) The regional emblem of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is a bauhinia in the centre highlighted by five star-tipped stamens and encircled by the words "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China" in Chinese
and "HONG KONG" in English.

Article 11
(1) In accordance with Article 31 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, the systems and policies practised in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, including the social and economic systems, the system for safeguarding the
fundamental rights and freedoms of its residents, the executive, legislative and judicial systems, and the relevant policies, shall be based on the provisions of this Law.
(2) No law enacted by the legislature of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall contravene this Law.

Chapter II Relationship between the Central Authorities and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

Article 12
The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be a local administrative region of the People's Republic of China, which shall enjoy a high degree of autonomy and come directly under theCentral People's Government.

Article 13
(1) The Central People's Government shall be responsible for the foreign affairs relating to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
(2) The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China shall establish an office in Hong Kong to deal with foreign affairs.
(3) The Central People's Government authorizes the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region to conduct relevant external affairs on its own in accordance with this Law.

Article 14
(1) The Central People's Government shall be responsible for the defence of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
(2) The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be responsible for the maintenance of public order in the Region.
(3) Military forces5255 stationed by the Central People's Government in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for defence shall not interfere in the local affairs of the Region. The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region may,
when necessary, ask the Central People's Government for assistance from the garrison in the maintenance of public order and in disaster relief.
(4) In addition to abiding by national laws, members of the garrison shall abide by the laws of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
(5) Expenditure for the garrison shall be borne by the Central People's Government.

Article 15
The Central People's Government shall appoint the Chief Executive and the principal officials of the executive authorities of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in accordance with the provisions of Chapter IV of this Law.

Article 16
The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be vested with executive power. It shall, on its own, conduct the administrative affairs of the Region in accordance with the relevant provisions of this Law.

Article 17
(1) The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be vested with legislative power.
(2) Laws enacted by the legislature of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region must be reported to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the record. The reporting for record shall not affect the entry into force of such laws.
(3) If the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, after consulting the Committee for the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region under it, considers that any law enacted by the legislature of the Region is not in
conformity with the provisions of this Law regarding affairs within the responsibility of the Central Authorities or regarding the relationship between the Central Authorities and the Region, the Standing Committee may return the law in question but
shall not amend it. Any law returned by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress shall immediately be invalidated. Thisinvalidation shall not have retroactive effect, unless otherwise provided for in the laws of the Region.

Article 18
(1) The laws in force in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be this Law, the laws previously in force in Hong Kong as provided for in Article 8 of this Law, and the laws enacted by the legislature of the Region. National laws shall not be
applied in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region except for those listed in Annex III to this Law. The laws listed therein shall be applied locally by way of promulgation or legislation by the Region.
(2) The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress may add to or delete from the list of laws in Annex III after consulting its Committee for the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the government of the Region. Laws
listed in Annex III to this Law shall be confined to those relating to defence and foreign affairs as well as other matters outside the limits of the autonomy of the Region as specified by this Law.
(3) In the event that the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress decides to declare a state of war or, by reason of turmoil within the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region which endangers national unity or security and is beyond the
control of the government of the Region, decides that the Region is in a state of emergency, the Central People's Government may issue an order applying the relevant national laws in the Region.

Article 19
(1) The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be vested with independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication.
(2) The courts of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall have jurisdiction over all cases in the Region, except that the restrictions on their jurisdiction imposed by the legal system and principles previously in force in Hong Kong shall be
maintained.
(3) The courts of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall have no jurisdiction over acts of state such as defence and foreign affairs. The courts of the Region shall obtain a certificate from the Chief Executive on questions of fact concerning
acts of state such as defence and foreign affairs whenever such questions arise in the adjudication of cases. This certificate shall be binding on the courts. Before issuing such a certificate, the Chief Executive shall obtain a certifying document
from the Central People's Government.

Article 20
The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region may enjoy other powers granted to it by the National People's Congress, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress or the Central People's Government.

Article 21
(1) Chinese citizens who are residents of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be entitled to participate in the management of state affairs according to law.
(2) In accordance with the assigned number of seats and the selection method specified by the National People's Congress, the Chinese citizens among the residents of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall locally elect deputies of the Regionto
the National People's Congress to participate in the work of the highest organ of state power.

Article 22
(1) No department of the Central People's Government and no province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government may interfere in the affairs which the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region administers on its own in
accordance with this Law.
(2) If there is a need for departments of the Central Government, or for provinces, autonomous regions, or municipalities directly under the Central Government to set up offices in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, they must obtain the consent
of the government of the Region and the approval of the Central People's Government.
(3) All offices set up in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region by departments of the Central Government, or by provinces, autonomous regions, or municipalities directly under the Central Government, and the personnel of these offices shall abide
by the laws of the Region.
(4) For entry into the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, people from other parts of China must apply for approval. Among them, the number of persons who enter the Region for the purpose of settlement shall be determined by the competent
authorities of the Central People's Government after consulting the government of the Region.
(5) The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region may establish an office in Beijing.

Article 23
The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall enact laws on its own to prohibit any act of treason, secession, sedition, subversion against the Central People's Government, or theft of state secrets, to prohibit foreign political organizations or
bodies from conducting political activities in the Region, and to prohibit political organizations or bodies of the Region from establishing ties with foreign political organizations or bodies.

Chapter III Fundamental Rights and Duties of the Residents

Article 24 [Citizenship]
(1) Residents of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ("Hong Kong residents") shall include permanent residents and non-permanent residents.
(2) The permanent residents of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be:
1) Chinese citizens born in Hong Kong before or after the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region;
2) Chinese citizens who have ordinarily resided in Hong Kong for continuous period of not less than seven years before or after the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region;
3) Persons of Chinese nationality born outside Hong Kong of those residents listed in categories 1) and 2);
4) Persons not of Chinese nationality who have entered Hong Kong with valid travel documents, have ordinarily resided in Hong Kong for a continuous period of not less than seven years and have taken Hong Kong as their place of permanent residence before
or after the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region;
5) Persons under 21 years of age born in Hong Kong of those residents listed in category 4) before or after the establishmentof the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; and
6) Persons other than those residents listed in categories 1) to 5), who, before the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, had the right of abode in Hong Kong only.
(3) The above-mentioned residents shall have the right of abode in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and shall be qualified to obtain, in accordance with the laws of the Region, permanent identity cards which state their right of abode.
(4) The non-permanent residents of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be persons who are qualified to obtain Hong Kong identity cards in accordance with the laws of the Region but have no right of abode.

Article 25 [Equality]
All Hong Kong residents shall be equal before the law.63

Article 26 [Electoral Rights]
Permanent residents of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall have the right to vote and the right to stand for election in accordance with law.6271

Article 27 [Freedom of Expression and Association]
Hong Kong residents shall have freedom of speech, of the press, and of publication6242; freedom of association, of assembly, of procession, and of demonstration; and the right and freedom to form and join trade unions, and to strike.

Article 28 [Personal Freedom]
(1) The freedom of the person of Hong Kong residents shall be inviolable.
(2) No Hong Kong resident shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful arrest, detention or imprisonment. Arbitrary or unlawful search of the body of any resident or deprivation or restriction of the freedom of the person shall be prohibited. Torture of
any resident or arbitrary or unlawful deprivation of the life of any resident shall be prohibited.

Article 29 [Home]
The homes and other premises of Hong Kong residents shall be inviolable. Arbitrary or unlawful search of, or intrusion into, a resident's home or other premises shall be prohibited.

Article 30 [Privacy]
The freedom and privacy of communication of Hong Kong residents shall be protected by law. No department or individual may, on any grounds, infringe upon the freedom and privacy of communication of residents except that the relevant authorities may
inspect communication in accordance with legal procedures to meet the needs of public security or of investigation into criminal offences.

Article 31 [Right to Move]
Hong Kong residents shall have freedom of movement within the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and freedom of emigration to other countries and regions. They shall have freedom to travel and to enter or leave the Region. Unless restrained by law,
holders of valid travel documents shall be free to leave the Region without special authorization.

Article 32 [Religion]
(1) Hong Kong residents shall have freedom of conscience.623
(2) Hong Kong residents shall have freedom of religious belief and freedom to preach and to conduct and participate in religious activities in public.

Article 33 [Work]
Hong Kong residents shall have freedom of choice of occupation.

Article 34 [Research]
Hong Kong residents shall have freedom to engage in academic research, literary and artistic creation, and other cultural activities.

Article 35 [Legal Remedies]
(1) Hong Kong residents shall have the right to confidential legal advice, access to the courts, choice of lawyers for timely protection of their lawful rights and interests or for representation in the courts, and to judicial remedies.
(2) Hong Kong residents shall have the right to institute legal proceedings in the courts against the acts of the executive authorities and their personnel.

Article 36 [Welfare]
Hong Kong residents shall have the right to social welfare in accordance with law. The welfare benefits and retirement security of the labour force shall be protected by law.

Article 37 [Marriage]
The freedom of marriage of Hong Kong residents and their right to raise a family freely shall be protected by law.

Article 38 [Other Freedoms]
Hong Kong residents shall enjoy the other rights and freedoms safeguarded by the laws of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

Article 39 [International Covenants]
(1) The provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and international labour conventions as applied to Hong Kong shall remain in force and shall be
implemented through the laws of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. (2) The rights and freedoms enjoyed by Hong Kong residents shall not be restricted unless as prescribed by law. Such restrictions shall not contravene the provisions of Paragraph (1).

Article 40 [Indigenous Inhabitants]
The lawful traditional rights and interests of the indigenous inhabitants of the "New Territories" shall be protected by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

Article 41 [Rights of Foreigners]
Persons in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region other than Hong Kong residents shall, in accordance with law, enjoy the rights and freedoms of Hong Kong residents prescribed in this Chapter.

Article 42 [Duty to Obey the Laws]
Hong Kong residents and other persons in Hong Kong shall have the obligation to abide by the laws in force in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

Chapter IV Political Structure

Section 1 The Chief Executive

Article 43
(1) The Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be the head of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region51 and shall represent the Region.
(2) The Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be accountable to the Central People's Government and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in accordance with the provisions of this Law.

Article 44
The Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be a Chinese citizen of not less than 40 years of age who is a permanent resident of the Region with no right of abode in any foreign country and has ordinarily resided in Hong Kong
for a continuous period of not less than 20 years.

Article 45
(1) The Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be selected by election or through consultations held locally and be appointed by the Central People's Government.
(2) The method for selecting the Chief Executive shall be specified in the light of the actual situation in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and in accordance with the principle of gradual and orderly progress. The ultimate aim is the
selection of the Chief Executive by universal suffrage upon nomination by a broadly representative nominating committee in accordance with democratic procedures.
(3) The specific method for selecting the Chief Executive is prescribed in Annex I: "Method for the Selection of the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region".

Article 46
The term of office of the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be five years. He or she may serve for not more than two consecutive terms.

Article 47
(1) The Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region must be a person of integrity, dedicated to his or her duties.
(2) The Chief Executive, on assuming office, shall declare his or her assets to the Chief Justice of the Court of Final Appeal of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. This declaration shall be put on record.

Article 48
(1) The Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall exercise the following powers and functions:
1) To lead the government of the Region;
2) To be responsible for the implementation of this Law and other laws which, in accordance with this Law, apply in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region;
3) To sign bills passed by the Legislative Council and to promulgate laws; to sign budgets passed by the Legislative Council and report the budgets and final accounts to the Central People's Government for the record;
4) To decide on government policies and to issue executive orders;
5) To nominate and to report to the Central People's Government for appointment the following principal officials: Secretaries and Deputy Secretaries of Departments, Directors of Bureaux, Commissioner Against Corruption, Director of Audit, Commissioner
of Police, Director of Immigration and Commissioner of Customs and Excise; and to recommend to the Central People's Government the removal of the above-mentioned officials;
6) To appoint or remove judges of the courts at all levels in accordance with legal procedures;
7) To appoint or remove holders of public office in accordance with legal procedures;
8) To implement the directives issued by the Central People's Government in respect of the relevant matters provided for in this Law;
9) To conduct, on behalf of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, external affairs and other affairs as authorized by the Central Authorities;
10) To approve the introduction of motions regarding revenues or expenditure to the Legislative Council;
11) To decide, in the light of security and vital public interests, whether government officials or other personnel in charge of government affairs should testify or give evidence before the Legislative Council or its committees;
12) To pardon persons convicted of criminal offences or commute their penalties; and
13) To handle petitions and complaints.

Article 49
If the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region considers that a bill passed by the Legislative Council is not compatible with the overall interests of the Region, he or she may return it to the Legislative Council within three
months for reconsideration. If the Legislative Council passes the original bill again by not less than a two-thirds majority of all the members, the Chief Executive must sign and promulgate it within one month, or act in accordance with the provisions
of Article 50 of this Law.

Article 50
(1) If the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region refuses to sign a bill passed the second time by the Legislative Council, or the Legislative Council refuses to pass a budget or any other important bill introduced by the
government, and if consensus still cannot be reached after consultations, the Chief Executive may dissolve the Legislative Council.
(2) The Chief Executive must consult the Executive Council before dissolving the Legislative Council. The Chief Executive may dissolve the Legislative Council only once in each term of his or her office.

Article 51
If the Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region refuses to pass the budget introduced by the government, the Chief Executive may apply to the Legislative Council for provisional appropriations. If appropriation of public funds
cannot be approved because the Legislative Council has already been dissolved, the Chief Executive may, prior to the election of the new Legislative Council approve provisional short-term appropriations according to the level of expenditure of the
previous fiscal year.

Article 52
The Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region must resign under any of the following circumstances:
1) When he or she loses the ability to discharge his or her duties as a result of serious illness or other reasons;
2) When, after the Legislative Council is dissolved because he or she twice refuses to sign a bill passed by it, the new Legislative Council again passes by a two-thirds majority of all the members the original bill in dispute, but he or she still
refuses to sign it; and
3) When, after the Legislative Council is dissolved because it refuses to pass a budget or any other important bill, the new Legislative Council still refuses to pass the original bill in dispute.

Article 53
(1) If the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is not able to discharge his or her duties for a short period, such duties shall temporarily be assumed by the Administrative Secretary, Financial Secretary or Secretary of Justice
in this order of precedence.
(2) In the event that the office of Chief Executive becomes vacant, a new Chief Executive shall be selected within six months in accordance with the provisions of Article 45 of this Law. During the period of vacancy, his or her duties shall be assumed
according to the provisions of Paragraph (1).

Article 54
The Executive Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be an organ for assisting the Chief Executive in policy- making.

Article 55
(1) Members of the Executive Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be appointed by the Chief Executive from among the principal officials of the executive authorities, members of the Legislative Council and public figures. Their
appointment or removal shall be decided by the Chief Executive. The term of office of members of the Executive Council shall not extend beyond the expiry of the term of office of the Chief Executive who appoints them.
(2) Members of the Executive Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be Chinese citizens who are permanent residents of the Region with no right of abode in any foreign country.
(3) The Chief Executive may, as he or she deems necessary, invite other persons concerned to sit in on meetings of the Council.

Article 56
(1) The Executive Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be presided over by the Chief Executive.
(2) Except for the appointment, removal and disciplining of officials and the adoption of measures in emergencies, the Chief Executive shall consult the Executive Council before making important policy decisions, introducing bills to the Legislative
Council, making subordinate legislation, or dissolving the Legislative Council. (3) If the Chief Executive does not accept a majority opinion of the Executive Council, he or she shall put the specific reasons on record.

Article 57
A Commission Against Corruption shall be established in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. It shall function independently and be accountable to the Chief Executive.

Article 58
A Commission of Audit shall be established in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. It shall function independently and be accountable to the Chief Executive.

Section 2 The Executive Authorities

Article 59
The Government525 of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be the executive authorities of the Region.

Article 60
(1) The head of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be the Chief Executive of the Region.
(2) A Department of Administration, a Department of Finance, Department of Justice, and various bureaux, divisions and commissions shall be established in the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

Article 61
The principal officials of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be Chinese citizens who are permanent residents of the Region with no right of abode in any foreign country and have ordinarily resided in Hong Kong for a continuous period of
not less than 15 years.

Article 62
The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall exercise the following powers and functions:
1) To formulate and implement policies;
2) To conduct administrative affairs;
3) To conduct external affairs as authorized by the Central People's Government under this Law;
4) To draw up and introduce budgets and final accounts;
5) To draft and introduce bills, motions and subordinate legislation; and
6) To designate officials to sit in on the meetings of the Legislative Council and to speak on behalf of the government.

Article 63
The Department of Justice of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall control criminal prosecutions, free from any interference.

Article 64
The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region must abide by the law and be accountable to the Legislative Council of the Region: it shall implement laws passed by the Council and already in force; it shall present regular policy addresses
to the Council; it shall answer questions raised by members of the Council; and it shall obtain approval from the Council for taxation and public expenditure.

Article 65
The previous system of establishing advisory bodies by the executive authorities shall be maintained.

Section 3 The Legislature

Article 66
The Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be the legislature of the Region.532

Article 67

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