Very happy Vijaya Dasami to all my friends! May the blessings of the Great Goddess Durga make our lives long and joyful! On this auspicious day I am happy present my alternative explanation for the cause of the supernova. The supernova is beyond doubt
the greatest show of pure force and power in the universe. It is, from our Hindu spiritual point of view, the supreme manifestation of the Great Goddess, embarked upon creation of new worlds, in multi-trillion year cycles!
*****
Explaining nova and supernova with new physics theories – 13
The Cause of the Supernova – 1
The supernova is by far the grandest phenomenon in the universe. It is the death of a star, usually a large one, very bright. It reaches a brightness billions of times greater than normal during the time it stays in the supernova state; its brightness
may outshine that of the entire galaxy! Unlike the star that went nova, the supernova undergoing star reduces to a neutron star, or a “black hole”, according to the current scientific consensus. This object has a very strong magnetic field, supposed
to be a trillion gauss! Apart from whatever material may have gone into the making of this reduced object, the rest of the star is cast into outer space. It is thought that other stars, planets, nebulas, along with comets, meteors, asteroids, stray
satellites may have originated from the supernova. Our own solar system could have been formed as the result of a supernova. As seen in earlier sections, supernovas are very rare, considering the billions of trillions of stars that we may observe. In
which case there has to be something particularly special about the star that goes to supernova state.
In the earlier sections (Explaining nova and supernova with new physics theories – 1 and 2), I had quoted extensively from the Encyclopaedia Britannica about the purported causes of the supernova, along with my doubts regarding their tenability.
Before proceeding to offer our own explanation of the supernova with our new physics theories, let us briefly recapitulate the current scientific position about the cause of new physics. An easy method is look up Wikipedia, from where we find:
“Theoretical studies indicate that most supernovae are triggered by one of two basic mechanisms: the sudden re-ignition of nuclear fusion in a degenerate star such as a white dwarf, or the sudden gravitational collapse of a massive star's core. In the
first class of events, the object's temperature is raised enough to trigger runaway nuclear fusion, completely disrupting the star. Possible causes are an accumulation of material from a binary companion through accretion, or a stellar merger. In the
massive star case, the core of a massive star may undergo sudden collapse, releasing gravitational potential energy as a supernova. While some observed supernovae are more complex than these two simplified theories, the astrophysical mechanics have been
established and accepted by most astronomers for some time.”
The words “theoretical studies” must be noted in the above quote. These words indicate that certain assumptions, based upon theory or conjecture, have been made to come to conclusions that are confidently asserted as facts. One such assumption is
nuclear fusion. In earlier sections, we have shown that the energy from a star need not come from fusion happening in the core of the star; and on the other hand, it is impossible to create the conditions for the pressure and temperature supposedly
necessary for fusion. It is difficult to see why, given no external cause, there should be sudden change in the physical situation of the star - even supposing there has been nuclear fusion in the core. That would be changing the core density and hence
volume from the conversion of hydrogen to ultimately iron. This would be a slow steady process, going by what may be going on in every single star. Exactly what would create so much energy so suddenly? It is not as if the gravitational force has suddenly
increased – going by the logic of nuclear fusion involving the loss of mass with energy, the mass of the star should be decreasing, not increasing. A “stellar merger” – suggested as a possible cause for the supernova, seems more likely. Certainly
collision between two stars would create a great deal of energy. But why should most of the masses fly outward with such great speed if it was collision? Going by appearances from telescopes, a vast amount of internal force is expended for the supernova.
In our model, which does not allow for the logically inexplicable collapse of the core to become neutron stars or black holes, the core of the star is untouched, even when there is a supernova. Let us now offer alternative explanations for the cause of
supernovae.
The magnetic field of our Sun is not uniform. Within the sunspots the magnetic field strength is nearly 9000 times the normal intensity, which is 1 Gauss. This difference is vast, and one explanation is to conjecture that below the Sun there is a planet
like sphere, rather like our own planet Earth. On this sphere, called SE in earlier sections, there is a difference in mineral content spatially, in the magnetic sense. Where on the SE there is more concentration of magnetic material, there the magnetic
lines of force gets concentrated and skewed much more; and thus we have such a difference in magnetic field strength intensity on the surface of the Sun.
The magnetic poles of the Sun turn around every 11 years or so, regularly. One plausible reason, once we accept the existence of the SE containing the magnetic iron core, is that the SE is rotating within the Sun. Unaffected by unusual external forces,
the currents within this core creating the Sun’s magnetism will suitably tilt with respect to the ecliptic, till they reverse in direction with the full 180 degree swing or half rotation, causing reversion of polarity. The change of the Sun’s
magnetic poles, as a constant feature, is a further indication of the existence of the SE. In the next section we will show how the SE is necessary for the re-formation of a dark matter star (comprising of just the SE) when it enters a nebula; and how it
is impossible for a star to become a star, from just the hydrogen in the nebula.
Let us now try to explain why some stars (blue stars) are hotter and smaller, and some other stars (red stars) are less hot and larger. In earlier sections we had shown that the light from the star, reflecting its energy output, in the normal case
depends upon two forces – gravitational and electromagnetic. In our Sun’s case (our Sun is a “medium” white star) most of the energy (around 96%) comes from electromagnetic forces, with a concentration of one ion (proton) in 10,000 hydrogen
atoms. Let us say that the concentration of ions was much lesser say 1 in a million. In that case, the solar energy would have to come from its gravitational forces, from relatively slower collisions between the falling atoms, not providing that much
energy, and that too at the lower frequencies meaning more red light. The star would not be bright, but it would be large as a lot of hydrogen would be required to produce that energy. It would also be young, for it is with time that the proton
concentration increases in a star. In contrast the blue star gets most of its energy from electromagnetism, with a highly increased concentration of protons causing powerful collisions more plentifully, releasing more energy at the higher frequencies
causing the blue colour.
In the earlier section it has been proposed that for most stars, the deuterium content in the hydrogen photosphere is kept down by solar flares. Solar flares happen in the border regions of sunspots with the rest of the photosphere, where the magnetic
field intensity is still extremely strong, causing very fast acceleration of the electrons. Such very fast electrons, it is conjectured, break down with kinetic impact the deuterium nucleus into two protons and another electron, with gamma rays as well.
A successful chain reaction will become the equivalent of a very powerful hydrogen bomb. It will continue to explode so long as the deuterium is available in sufficient concentrations.
The cause for the supernova is similar to the cause of the nova, as mentioned in the earlier section. Over time, the electrons in the star’s photosphere and its below regions are boiled off by the electromagnetic forces creating ionisation, along with
the usual gravitational forces. There is a surplus of protons, which keep on getting accelerated by the magnetic field creating more and more ions. Some of the electrons created by ionisation fuse two protons together to form a deuterium ion. With a
uniform magnetic field, this process of deuterium buildup is uniform. With none or comparatively less solar flares to burn off the deuterium by fission, the buildup of deuterium goes on. With the deuterium content thus built up, the star should go nova
when the criticality condition for explosion is reached.
For the supernova to happen, the star has to be big; it should not have burnt off the deuterium with solar flares or minor novae. With time this concentration builds up, for the star, to criticality levels. The deuterium component is then more or less
uniformly present in all the layers of the huge star. The supernova happens with the triggering done by excess deuterium concentration in an area where the magnetic field somehow gets increased. The cause for that could be random movement in the SE
causing unusual magnetic mineral concentration.
As the word suggests, the supernova is indeed a super nova, much more bright and powerful. The entire star is destroyed. In our model, it means that the entire gaseous part of the star ceased to exist – it gets blown out – by the fission happening in
the gaseous outer layers of the star. However, this fission process, in our model, does not explain the “solid” materials that are ejected in the supernova. If only hydrogen is involved, then why are the heavier elements found in the supernova
explosion?
The cause for the heavier elements that are found in the supernova is explained, from the current standpoint, as the result of nuclear fusion. Nuclear fusion creates energy, from the lighter elements, till the hydrogen becomes iron. Beyond iron, the
heavier elements for their creation require energy. Thus, all elements are formed before and after the supernova – prior to the explosion, the hydrogen had turned to iron; and after the great energy of the supernova, elements heavier than iron were
formed from the great energy. About the reason for the supernova energy, we once again repeat the quote from the Encylopaedia Britannica presented in the earlier sections of this series.
“When the iron core becomes too massive, its ability to support itself by means of the outward explosive thrust of internal fusion reactions fails to counteract the tremendous pull of its own gravity. Consequently, the core collapses until it reaches a
point at which its constituent nuclei and free electrons are crushed together into a hard, rapidly spinning core. This core consists almost entirely of neutrons, which are composed in a volume only 10km across but whose combined weight equals that of
several Suns. A teaspoon of this extraordinarily dense material would weigh 50,000,000,000 tons on Earth.
“The supernova detonation occurs when material falls in from the outer layers of the star and then rebounds off the core, which has stopped collapsing and suddenly presents a hard surface to the infalling gases. The shock wave that is generated by this
collision propagates outward and blows off the star’s outer gaseous layers. The amount of material blasted outward depends on the star’s original mass.“
We now offer an alternative explanation for the supernova.
There is no question about the facts – definitely heavy elements are ejected from the supernova. On the face of it, this seems to kill our solid cold core theory which does not allow the fusion process.
Let us consider our stellar model yet again – below the very hot, dense, high pressure gases the surface of the SE is immensely pressurised liquid. It is under pressure from the cold iro magnetic core below, and the gases above, under normal
circumstances.
When the supernova happens, unlike the nova, all the gases blow out into outer space, in their entirety. This happens due to the deuterium fission process. This time the impact is far more powerful and all-pervasive, as the deuterium has become critical
in all the gaseous layers. What is described as the “gravitational potential energy” is indeed a potential energy of a kind – it is the potential energy of the deuterium nucleus becoming kinetic energy due to the electronic band splitting, and
releasing the two protons to go very fast by mutual repulsion. The “velocity addition” effect I had discovered back in 1999, which describes the great power behind any explosion from tight packing causing fast and many outward particle collisions,
has a multiplicative effect upon the energy produced from the abovementioned internal force producing process.
The consequence for that sudden sharp, blow-out of the gases from the star is a very sharp drop in pressure upon the surface of the SE.
The heavier-than-hydrogen liquid matter on the SE surface, along with the heavier gases nearer the surface, will blow out into outer space as a consequence of this drop in pressure. There could be fusion processes going on when all this matter, bursting
out, meets with the very hot ions and atoms. However, this fusion will only soak up the energy, not create any energy. The energy is from deuterium fission with its after-effects relating to “velocity addition”, adding to the release of the
gravitational energy upon the pressurised liquid masses below the gaseous layers; the strong magnetic field will also impact upon the ions, giving them increased kinetic energy.
Only the comparatively small iron core, that is solid, will remain of the star that has gone supernova. Apart from that iron, all the matter that was in the star will be blown out into outer space.
The above is the alternative explanation for the supernova. We will now try to find out what could be the size of the iron core that is left, and supposed to be a neutron star or black hole. Going to the top of this article, we find that it has a very
powerful magnetic field of a trillion gauss. This is remarkable if indeed it is a neutron star which has no charge to create the current for the magnetic field. Of course there are no bets as what to the theoretical black hole may be all about in the
field of reality.
We now try to explain the powerful magnetic field of the stellar core remains of the supernova; we will check if it could be an iron ball at very low temperatures, sustaining superconducting currents to cause the magnetic field, the way it always did
before the supernova. We know from the magnetic field strengths near the sunspots on our Sun, that a magnetic field strength of more than 9000 Gauss could set off a solar flare. From this it is plausible to note that the magnetic field strength of the
star that went supernova, could be around 9000 Gauss all over. The magnetic field strength of the core is one trillion Gauss. How can that be? The answer is simple – when the star loses all its matter as a result of the supernova then the distances
involved get reduced correspondingly. Assuming that there was no change at all in the iron core of the star, meaning its magnetism did not change, let us see what could be the size of the iron core. As this star is very large, say about ten times the
size of our sun, its radius would be seven million kilometres. The magnetic field strength is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the generating currents. Going by this inverse square law, the most fundamental in electromagnetism,
the cold iron core radius has to be related by the inverse square law basis to the star radius. One trillion Gauss divided by 9,000 Gauss is about hundred and eleven million; the square root of this hundred and eleven million, or 10,535, is the ratio of
the unexploded star radius to the core radius. This makes the core radius at seven million divided by 10,535 or about 664 kilometers.
Thus from a radius of 7,000,000 Km the star shrinks to an iron core of radius 664 Km, as per our new explanation for the supernova. This size is extremely small by astronomical standards, so the explanations given for its existence, as a neutron star or
as a black hole, may have seemed plausible so far.

Arindam Banerjee
Melbourne, 26 Oct 2020

--- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
* Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)