https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6843

'Warm Neptune' Has Unexpectedly Primitive Atmosphere
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
May 11, 2017

A study combining observations from NASA's Hubble and Spitzer space telescopes reveals that the distant planet HAT-P-26b has a primitive atmosphere composed almost entirely of hydrogen and helium. Located about 437 light-years
away, HAT-P-26b orbits a star roughly twice as old as the sun.

The analysis is one of the most detailed studies to date of a "warm Neptune," or a planet that is Neptune-sized and close to its star. The researchers determined that HAT-P-26b's atmosphere is relatively clear of clouds and
has a strong water signature, although the planet is not a water world.
This is the best measurement of water to date on an exoplanet of this
size.

The discovery of an atmosphere with this composition on this exoplanet
has implications for how scientists think about the birth and development
of planetary systems. Compared to Neptune and Uranus, the planets in our
solar system with about the same mass, HAT-P-26b likely formed either
closer to its host star or later in the development of its planetary system,
or both.

"Astronomers have just begun to investigate the atmospheres of these distant Neptune-mass planets, and almost right away, we found an example that
goes against the trend in our solar system," said Hannah Wakeford, a postdoctoral
researcher at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland,
and lead author of the study published in the May 12, 2017, issue of Science. "This kind of unexpected result is why I really love exploring the atmospheres of alien planets."

To study HAT-P-26b's atmosphere, the researchers used data from transits
-- occasions when the planet passed in front of its host star. During
a transit, a fraction of the starlight gets filtered through the planet's atmosphere, which absorbs some wavelengths of light but not others. By
looking at how the signatures of the starlight change as a result of this filtering, researchers can work backward to figure out the chemical composition of the atmosphere.

In this case, the team pooled data from four transits measured by Hubble
and two seen by Spitzer. Together, those observations covered a wide range
of wavelengths from yellow light through the near-infrared region.

"To have so much information about a warm Neptune is still rare, so analyzing these data sets simultaneously is an achievement in and of itself," said co-author Tiffany Kataria of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.

Because the study provided a precise measurement of water, the researchers
were able to use the water signature to estimate HAT-P-26b's metallicity. Astronomers calculate the metallicity, an indication of how rich the planet
is in all elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, because it gives
them clues about how a planet formed.

To compare planets by their metallicities, scientists use the sun as a
point of reference, almost like describing how much caffeine beverages
have by comparing them to a cup of coffee. Jupiter has a metallicity about
2 to 5 times that of the sun. For Saturn, it's about 10 times as much
as the sun. These relatively low values mean that the two gas giants are
made almost entirely of hydrogen and helium.

The ice giants Neptune and Uranus are smaller than the gas giants but
richer in the heavier elements, with metallicities of about 100 times
that of the sun. So, for the four outer planets in our solar system, the
trend is that the metallicities are lower for the bigger planets.

Scientists think this happened because, as the solar system was taking
shape, Neptune and Uranus formed in a region toward the outskirts of the enormous disk of dust, gas and debris that swirled around the immature
sun. Summing up the complicated process of planetary formation in a nutshell: Neptune and Uranus would have been bombarded with a lot of icy debris
that was rich in heavier elements. Jupiter and Saturn, which formed in
a warmer part of the disk, would have encountered less of the icy debris.

Two planets beyond our solar system also fit this trend. One is the Neptune-mass
planet HAT-P-11b. The other is WASP-43b, a gas giant twice as massive
as Jupiter.

But Wakeford and her colleagues found that HAT-P-26b bucks the trend.
They determined its metallicity is only about 4.8 times that of the sun,
much closer to the value for Jupiter than for Neptune.

"This analysis shows that there is a lot more diversity in the atmospheres
of these exoplanets than we were expecting, which is providing insight
into how planets can form and evolve differently than in our solar system," said David K. Sing of the University of Exeter and the second author of
the paper. "I would say that has been a theme in the studies of exoplanets: Researchers keep finding surprising diversity."

JPL manages the Spitzer Space Telescope for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. Science operations are conducted at the Spitzer Science Center
at Caltech in Pasadena. Spacecraft operations are based at Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company, Littleton, Colorado. Data are archived at the Infrared Science Archive housed at the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center
at Caltech. Caltech manages JPL for NASA.

The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between NASA and ESA (European Space Agency). NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
in Greenbelt, Maryland, manages the telescope. The Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore conducts Hubble science operations. STScI
is operated for NASA by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., in Washington.

For more information about Spitzer, visit:

http://www.nasa.gov/spitzer

For images and more information about Hubble, visit:

http://www.nasa.gov/hubble

News Media Contact
Elizabeth Landau
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
818-354-6425
elizabeth.landau@jpl.nasa.gov

Elizabeth Zubritsky/Nancy Neal-Jones
Greenbelt, Md.
301-614-5438/301-286-0039
elizabeth.a.zubritsky@nasa.gov/nancy.n.jones@nasa.gov

Written by Elizabeth Zubritsky

2017-138

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