In 1887, prior to the introduction of length contraction and other preposterous fudge factors, the Michelson-Morley experiment was compatible with Newton's variable speed of light, c'=cยฑv, and, accordingly, incompatible with the constant speed of light,
c'=c. In other words, in 1887 the Michelson-Morley experiment PROVED that the speed of light is variable as per Newton:
"Emission theory, also called emitter theory or ballistic theory of light, was a competing theory for the special theory of relativity, explaining the results of the MichelsonโMorley experiment of 1887...The name most often associated with emission
theory is Isaac Newton. In his corpuscular theory Newton visualized light "corpuscles" being thrown off from hot bodies at a nominal speed of c with respect to the emitting object, and obeying the usual laws of Newtonian mechanics, and we then expect
light to be moving towards us with a speed that is offset by the speed of the distant emitter (c ยฑ v)."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_theory
"Moreover, if light consists of particles, as Einstein had suggested in his paper submitted just thirteen weeks before this one, the second principle seems absurd: A stone thrown from a speeding train can do far more damage than one thrown from a train
at rest; the speed of the particle is not independent of the motion of the object emitting it. And if we take light to consist of particles and assume that these particles obey Newton's laws, they will conform to Newtonian relativity and thus
automatically account for the null result of the Michelson-Morley experiment without recourse to contracting lengths, local time, or Lorentz transformations. Yet, as we have seen, Einstein resisted the temptation to account for the null result in terms
of particles of light and simple, familiar Newtonian ideas, and introduced as his second postulate something that was more or less obvious when thought of in terms of waves in an ether." Banesh Hoffmann, Relativity and Its Roots, p.92
https://www.amazon.
com/Relativity-Its-Roots-Banesh-Hoffmann/dp/0486406768
Einsteinians teach, and physicists all over the world wholeheartedly believe, that in 1887 the MichelsonโMorley experiment proved the constant speed of light, c'=c, and, accordingly, disproved Newton's variable speed of light, c'=cยฑv:
Sabine Hossenfelder: "How fast do you see the light of Bob's laser? You'd expect this to be faster than the light that comes out of your laser pointer by the speed of the train, but not so. It moves with the exact same speed as yours. Because the speed
of light is always the same. This is what was confirmed with the famous Michelson-Morley experiment."
https://youtu.be/9-jIplX6Wjw?t=207
"The conclusion of the Michelson-Morley experiment was that the speed of light was a constant c in any inertial frame. Why is this result so surprising? First, it invalidates the Galilean coordinate transformation. Note that with the frames as defined in
the previous section, if light is travelling in the x' direction in frame O' with velocity c, then its speed in the O frame is, by the Galilean transform, c+v, not c as measured. This invalidates two thousand years of understanding of the nature of time
and space. The only comparable discovery is the discovery that the earth isn't flat! The Michelson Morley experiment has inevitably brought about a profound change in our understanding of the world."
http://www.berkeleyscience.com/relativity.htm
Joao Magueijo, Faster Than the Speed of Light: "A missile fired from a plane moves faster than one fired from the ground because the plane's speed adds to the missile's speed. If I throw something forward on a moving train, its speed with respect to the
platform is the speed of that object plus that of the train. You might think that the same should happen to light: Light flashed from a train should travel faster. However, what the Michelson-Morley experiments showed was that this was not the case:
Light always moves stubbornly at the same speed. This means that if I take a light ray and ask several observers moving with respect to each other to measure the speed of this light ray, they will all agree on the same apparent speed!"
https://www.amazon.
com/Faster-Than-Speed-Light-Speculation/dp/0738205257
Philip Ball: "Michelson and Morley set out to detect the ether by recording the velocity of beams of light travelling in different directions. They expected to see different speeds for each beam, caused by the motion of Earth through the ether. To their
surprise, they saw nothing of the sort โ the speed of light remained constant in all directions."
https://www.nature.com/articles/427482a
Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time, Chapter 2: "The special theory of relativity was very successful in explaining that the speed of light appears the same to all observers (as shown by the Michelson-Morley experiment)..."
http://www.amazon.com/
Brief-History-Time-Stephen-Hawking/dp/0553380168
Brian Cox, p. 91: "...Maxwell's brilliant synthesis of the experimental results of Faraday and others strongly suggested that the speed of light should be the same for all observers. This conclusion was supported by the experimental result of Michelson
and Morley, and taken at face value by Einstein."
http://www.amazon.com/Why-Does-mc2-Should-Care/dp/0306817586
Ethan Siegel: "The speed of light doesn't change when you boost your light source. Imagine throwing a ball as fast as you can. Depending on what sport you're playing, you might get all the way up to 100 miles per hour (~45 meters/second) using your hand-
and-arm alone. Now, imagine you're on a train (or in a plane) moving incredibly quickly: 300 miles per hour (~134 m/s). If you throw the ball from the train, moving in the same direction, how fast does the ball move? You simply add the speeds up: 400
miles per hour, and that's your answer. Now, imagine that instead of throwing a ball, you emit a beam of light instead. Add the speed of the light to the speed of the train... and you get an answer that's completely wrong. Really, you do! This was the
central idea of Einstein's theory of special relativity, but it wasn't Einstein who made this experimental discovery; it was Albert Michelson, who's pioneering work in the 1880s demonstrated that this was the case."
https://www.forbes.com/sites/
startswithabang/2017/10/27/five-discoveries-in-fundamental-physics-that-came-as-total-surprises/
Joe Wolfe: "At this stage, many of my students say things like "The invariance of the speed of light among observers is impossible" or "I can't understand it". Well, it's not impossible. It's even more than possible, it is true. This is something that
has been extensively measured, and many refinements to the Michelson and Morley experiment, and complementary experiments have confirmed this invariance to very great precision. As to understanding it, there isn't really much to understand. However
surprising and weird it may be, it is the case. It's the law in our universe. The fact of the invariance of c doesn't take much understanding."
https://newt.phys.unsw.edu.au/einsteinlight/jw/module3_weird_logic.htm
Neil deGrasse Tyson: "Beginning in 1905, investigations into the behavior of light got positively spooky. That year, Einstein published his special theory of relativity, in which he ratcheted up M & M's null result to an audacious level. The speed of
light in empty space, he declared, is a universal constant, no matter the speed of the light-emitting source or the speed of the person doing the measuring."
https://www.amazon.fr/Death-Black-Hole-Cosmic-Quandaries/dp/039335038X
Edward Witten on modern physics
https://youtu.be/fnzLpyDsn3M?t=77
Pentcho Valev
https://twitter.com/pentcho_valev
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