On Saturday, 11 December 2021 at 02:59:06 UTC, Weatherlawyer wrote:
On Saturday, 11 December 2021 at 02:46:43 UTC, Weatherlawyer wrote:
On Saturday, 11 December 2021 at 02:15:56 UTC, Weatherlawyer wrote:
Despite the fact they know less than god they never can be wrong. I am thinking of the sad idiots that imagined they could never decypher the heavens.
Yes they are a long way from home but satellites of the sun still weigh billions of tons and despite the fact they hang weightless in freefall, that fact does not cover over the rest of the centre of the solar system.
How much does the moon weigh?
73.5 million metric tons
How many years did Adam stare at it wondering what it meant?
All day (= nearly 1000 years.)
Do you ever think of things like that?
Why not!
Because it circles the earth the moon is throwing its weight around the earth. One day over Spain another over South America. All 73.5 Million Tonnes of it.
How devoid of introspection do you have to be to avoid conclusions about that?
One has to supposed that disorganised as trolls any light shining on them must be a painful experience not least for them, revealed in time their love of poinlessness has made them flee however some still exist to remember their nothingness. This is
what the demons are now experiencing under the Democratic Party in the USA, everything their leader has done has turned to shit. More especially in California.
Some of us On The Other Hand are still here.
Would any of you like to understand the Five Day Wave? https://ocean.weather.gov/Loops/index.php?category=atlantic&product=atlsfcf96&days=14&loop=1
Catch up! I am like the tide, I won't wait. First of all what does this mean:
A spectral analysis of the domain averaged height field at 1000 hPa surface over the Sahara using ECMWF data reveals a major oscillation of about five days. A composite analysis technique has then been developed which permits to emphasize the major
characteristics of the evolution of the thermal low over the Sahara during a five day period in the summer season. This analysis shows that the composite structure of the termal field reveals a well mixed layer with an almost constant potential
temperature and specific humidity from the surface up to about 650 hPa.
I am guessing it means that somwthing hold the weather over the sahara for 5 yas before it frifts out to sea.
And this:
The computation of the vertical velocity and the horizontal divergence reveals a presence of a two cell vertical circulation over the thermal low region. Although the heat low over the Saharan desert appears as a shallow low pressure area confined
into the mixed layer, the entire troposphere seems to be dynamically active.
Another guess that:
The difference between day and night in the summer, causes an oscillation east of Egypt to hold thing together until the Nile Floods change everything.
In the surface layer, the response of the height field to the temperature field has a lag time of about one day.
See what I mean?
The question is: Has this been going on since the Aswan Dam or was it always a feature of Saharan climate?
Access to this supposition is
£ 29.95
Price includes VAT (United Kingdom)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout google scholar.
And nobody can buy or sell it without the mark of the beast.
Don't worry about it, there is enough information on what they release to make as valid a guess as any.
All trolls aside(Good job I killed them all isn't it?) Sorry about Datakoll and JP Turcaud it could't be helped.
So on with the show
If you look long enough...
Abstract
[1] We have investigated the 5 day wave in both temperature and water vapor in the stratosphere and mesosphere as seen in the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System–Advanced Level Physics High Altitude (NOGAPS-ALPHA) analysis fields for
summer 2007. We have compared these fields and the derived saturation ratios with polar mesospheric cloud (PMC) measurements from the AIM satellite. We find that the 5 day wave is variable in both time and space, with significant amplitudes in the
temperature wave in August (up to ∼6 K). By contrast, the 5 day wave–induced water vapor anomalies remain at a near-constant level throughout the season. During August, the 5 day wave in the NOGAPS-ALPHA saturation ratio and in the occurrence of
clouds in the AIM data shows a clear anticorrelation with bright PMCs forming in the trough of the temperature wave. The analysis shows that the August enhancement in the 5 day wave amplitude acts to extend the PMC season past the time when zonal mean
temperatures are saturated with respect to ice. The increased wave amplitude in August is attributed to in situ wave generation and amplification due to baroclinic instability of mean winds at around 0.1–0.01 hPa. The late-season extension of cloud
occurrence due to the 5 day wave may explain previous ground-based reports of bright noctilucent cloud displays in August.
1. Introduction
[2] Planetary Rossby waves with typical periods ranging from ∼2–20 days can be categorized either as forced waves, generated by orographic forcing, strong tropical convection, or longitudinal variations in heating [e.g., Salby, 1984; Holton, 1992],
or as free modes, which are resonant responses to atmospheric disturbances. Rossby waves are embedded in Laplace's tidal equation, with the gravest mode being the westward propagating 5 day wave of zonal wave number 1 [Forbes, 1995]. The fundamental
theory of planetary waves is well developed [e.g., Ahlquist, 1982; Salby, 1984; Andrews et al., 1987; Volland, 1988; Holton, 1992; Forbes, 1995] and observations have confirmed the basic properties. However, observations also show significant dynamical
variability that is only partially understood.
[3] The 5 day wave is well documented in the lower atmosphere with strong signatures in pressure and geopotential height [e.g., Madden and Julian, 1972; Madden, 1978; Ahlquist, 1982; Speth and Madden, 1983; Lejenäs and Madden, 1992]. In the mesosphere
it has traditionally been observed in winds measured by ground-based radar systems [e.g., Lieberman et al., 2003; Riggin et al., 2006] or in temperatures measured from satellites [e.g., Hirooka, 2000; Garcia et al., 2005]. Rosenlof and Thomas [1990]
utilized ozone measurements from the Solar Mesosphere Explorer satellite to establish the presence of the 5 day wave in the lower mesosphere, and most recently, Sonnemann et al. [2008] reported a quasi 5 day signal in lower-mesospheric water vapor mixing
ratios. Other planetary wave modes with periods of around 2, 10, and 16 days are also often observed in the mesosphere [e.g., Palo and Avery, 1996; Azeem et al., 2001; Lawrence and Jarvis, 2003; Pancheva and Mitchell, 2004; Turnbridge and Mitchell, 2009].
[4] In the polar summer mesosphere, planetary waves can potentially modulate high-altitude clouds, commonly referred to as noctilucent clouds (NLCs) by ground-based observers, and as polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) when observed from space. While ground-
based observations have revealed planetary wave modulation of PMCs with periods of 5 and 16 days [Kirkwood et al., 2002; Kirkwood and Stebel, 2003], satellite measurements of PMCs have provided us with an opportunity to study the evolution and dynamics
of the 5 day wave and its impact on the hemispheric PMC field [Merkel et al., 2003, 2008, 2009; von Savigny et al., 2007]. A westward propagating wave number 2 mode with a period near 2 days has also been documented in the PMC field [Merkel et al., 2008,
2009] which, together with the 5 day wave work of Kirkwood et al. [2002] and von Savigny et al. [2007], show that planetary wave modulations of PMC properties are strongly coupled to planetary wave temperature oscillations.
[5] The NASA Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) satellite is dedicated to the study of PMCs. AIM was launched into a sun synchronous orbit at 600 km altitude on 25 April 2007 with the primary goal of investigating how PMCs form and vary. To attain
this goal, AIM carries three instruments: the Solar Occultation For Ice Experiment (SOFIE), which is a solar occultation instrument, the Cloud Imaging and Particle Size (CIPS) experiment, which is a panoramic UV imager, and finally, a dust collector
named the Cosmic Dust Experiment (CDE). An overview of the AIM mission and its instruments is provided by Russell et al. [2009]. A relatively strong 5 day wave in early August was noted by Benze et al. [2009] using PMC occurrence rates from the second
generation Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Instrument (SBUV/2) and CIPS. A more detailed spectral analysis of the CIPS albedo showing 5 day wave–induced cloud variability has been described by Merkel et al. [2009] utilizing CIPS imagery from 1 June to 15
August 2007. On comparing these data with Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) temperature measurements, they concluded that most clouds formed within the cold phase of the temperature wave. However, the phase difference
between 5 day signals in PMCs and temperature varied between 150° and 180°, supporting earlier inferences by Merkel et al. [2008]. Merkel et al. [2009] suggested that this varying phase difference could be attributed to the net effects on PMCs of
differently phased 5 day wave responses in temperature and water vapor mixing ratios.
[6] In support of the AIM mission, scientists at the Naval Research Laboratory have run their prototype high-altitude global numerical weather prediction (NWP) system, known as the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System with Advanced Level
and Physics and High Altitude (NOGAPS-ALPHA). This system was used to assimilate satellite measurements of stratospheric and mesospheric temperature, water vapor, and ozone during the first AIM PMC season covering the period 15 May–31 August 2007.
These ground-to-mesosphere NOGAPS-ALPHA analysis fields provide a global synoptic view of planetary-scale dynamics that can affect PMC formation. Hoppel et al. [2008] described an initial NOGAPS-ALPHA experiment that assimilated high-altitude satellite
temperature observations in January 2006 up to 0.01 hPa. Eckermann et al. [2009] extended the system to assimilate temperature, water vapor, and ozone observations up to 0.0022 hPa during May–July 2007.
[7] Eckermann et al. [2009] studied the planetary wave signals in these analysis fields near the polar summer mesopause using two-dimensional space-time Fourier analysis techniques, revealing the presence of several large-scale waves, with the most
prominent being the 5 day wave (westward wave number 1), consistent with the observational findings of Merkel et al. [2009]. Other significant wave modes were the migrating diurnal and semidiurnal tides, and a westward propagating wave number 2 mode with
a period near 2 days. According to Eckermann et al. [2009], the 5 day wave reached its peak amplitude in temperature near the 0.01 hPa level (geometric altitude ∼80 km) at 30°N during the month of June. Furthermore, the peak region was extensive,
spanning the 20°N–70°N latitude band, with the peak at 70°N occurring at ∼77 km altitude. Zonal mean 5 day wave amplitudes showed considerable variability, with major peaks occurring 20 days prior to and after solstice. The largest amplitudes
appeared in the 50°N–55°N band. However, significant peak activity was also evident at higher latitudes of 70°N–85°N.
[8] Eckermann et al. [2009] also investigated the 5 day wave signal in water vapor mixing ratios and found a peak near 60°N–75°N with amplitudes ∼0.2–0.3 ppmv, consistent with ground-based measurements at 69°N by Sonnemann et al. [2008]. The
subsequent spectral cross-coherence analysis between the wave signals in temperature and water vapor, designed to test the hypothesis of Merkel et al. [2009] (that 5 day wave signals in both temperature and humidity control observed 5 day modulation of
PMCs), showed no statistically significant correlation at ∼5 days. Eckermann et al. [2009] attributed this to two possible factors. First, large measurement errors in the assimilated satellite water vapor observations at these altitudes might prevent
small 5 day wave–induced water vapor anomalies from being resolved with sufficient accuracy. Second, the reported 5 day wave perturbations in temperature exhibited typical amplitudes, and these moderate wave perturbations may not be sufficiently large
to generate responses in the analyzed humidity fields.
[9] Merkel et al. [2009] and Eckermann et al. [2009] showed that the most dominant planetary wave mode during the 2007 northern hemisphere PMC season was the westward propagating 5 day wave number 1 mode. In this study we investigate its variability,
origin, and the phase relations among 5 day wave anomalies in temperature, water vapor, and saturation ratio and observed PMC variability. We utilize the NOGAPS-ALPHA gridded analysis fields covering the full first AIM PMC season from 15 May to 31 August
2007, which extends beyond the periods studied by Merkel et al. [2009] and Eckermann et al. [2009]. The synoptic fields provide an opportunity to study the 5 day wave in the polar mesosphere in greater temporal and spatial detail utilizing wavelet
techniques. As satellite temperature and water vapor observations are assimilated up to 0.0022 hPa, we use the gridded analysis fields and CIPS observations of PMC occurrence frequencies to investigate the phase relations among 5 day wave signals in PMCs,
temperature and water vapor at PMC altitudes, to test the hypothesized role of water vapor in affecting PMC brightness modulation by the 5 day wave [Merkel et al., 2009]. Furthermore, we investigate the dynamical impact of the 5 day wave on bright PMCs
observed by SOFIE.
[10] Section 2 describes the NOGAPS-ALPHA assimilation system and the specific wavelet techniques applied in this study. Section 3 describes the 5 day wave signatures in NOGAPS-ALPHA temperature, water vapor, and derived saturation ratio, and how they
relate to SOFIE and CIPS cloud observations. Section 4 investigates a significant enhancement in the 5 day wave amplitude during early August and its impact on PMC observations at high latitudes in the late PMC season. Major findings are summarized in
section 5.
2. Analysis
2.1. NOGAPS-ALPHA Meteorological Analysis
[11] Here we use 6 hourly global analysis fields at geometric heights z ∼0–90 km generated by an Advanced Level Physics High Altitude (ALPHA) prototype of the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS). Eckermann et al. [2009]
describe the configuration of the NOGAPS-ALPHA forecast model and data assimilation system used to perform the specific forecast assimilation runs whose analysis output is analyzed here. Briefly, the spectral forecast model was run at T79L68, yielding a
quadratic Gaussian grid resolution of ∼1.5° and vertical resolution in the stratosphere and mesosphere of ∼2 km extending to 0.0005 hPa. Parameterized nonorographic gravity wave drag was tuned to reproduce observed
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