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By Annie Roth
May 6, 2022
In 2019, the French swimmer Benoit Lecomte swam over 300 nautical miles
through the Great Pacific Garbage Patch to raise awareness about marine
plastic pollution.
As he swam, he was often surprised to find that he wasn’t alone.
“Every time I saw plastic debris floating, there was life all around it,”
Mr. Lecomte said.
The patch was less a garbage island than a garbage soup of plastic
bottles, fishing nets, tires and toothbrushes. And floating at its surface
were blue dragon nudibranchs, Portuguese man-o-wars, and other small surface-dwelling animals, which are collectively known as neuston.
Scientists aboard the ship supporting Mr. Lecomte’s swim systematically
sampled the patch’s surface waters. The team found that there were much
higher concentrations of neuston within the patch than outside it. In some parts of the patch, there were nearly as many neuston as pieces of
plastic.
“I had this hypothesis that gyres concentrate life and plastic in similar
ways, but it was still really surprising to see just how much we found out there,” said Rebecca Helm, an assistant professor at the University of
North Carolina and co-author of the study. “The density was really
staggering. To see them in that concentration was like, wow.”
The findings were posted last month on bioRxiv and have not yet been
subjected to peer review. But if they hold up, Dr. Helm and other
scientists say, it may complicate efforts by conservationists to remove
the immense and ever-growing amount of plastic in the patch.
The world’s oceans contain five gyres, large systems of circular currents powered by global wind patterns and forces created by Earth’s rotation.
They act like enormous whirlpools, so anything floating within one will eventually be pulled into its center. For nearly a century, floating
plastic waste has been pouring into the gyres, creating an assortment of garbage patches. The largest, the Great Pacific Patch, is halfway between Hawaii and California and contains at least 79,000 tons of plastic,
according to the Ocean Cleanup Foundation. All that trash turns out to be
a great foothold for living things.
The snail Recluzia species, viewed from the side oral end.Credit...Denis
Rieck
Violet snail Janthina species, viewed from the side, with a large bubble
raft made from snail mucus emerging from the water.Credit...Denis Rieck
Blue button Porpita species, viewed from above.Credit...Denis Rieck
The floating anemone Actinecta species, viewed from the side, with the
aboral float at the surface.Credit...Denis Rieck
Dr. Helm and her colleagues pulled many individual creatures out of the
sea with their nets: by-the-wind sailors, free-floating hydrozoans that
travel on ocean breezes; blue buttons, quarter-sized cousins of the
jellyfish; and violet sea-snails, which build “rafts” to stay afloat by trapping air bubbles in a soap-like mucus they secrete from a gland in
their foot. They also found potential evidence that these creatures may be reproducing within the patch.
“I wasn’t surprised,” said Andre Boustany, a researcher with the Monterey
Bay Aquarium in California. “We know this place is an aggregation area for drifting plastics, so why would it not be an aggregation area for these drifting animals as well?”
Little is known about neuston, especially those found far from land in the heart of ocean gyres.
“They are very difficult to study because they occur in the open ocean and
you cannot collect them unless you go on marine expeditions, which cost a
lot of money,” said Lanna Cheng, a research scientist at the University of California, San Diego.
Because so little is known about the life history and ecology of these creatures, this study, though severely limited in size and scope, offers valuable insights to scientists.
Blue sea dragons, Glaucus species, viewed from above with dark blue
ventral surfaces.Credit...Denis Rieck
By-the-wind sailor Velella species, viewed from above.Credit...Denis Rieck
A Portuguese man-of-war, Physalia species, viewed from the side, with the
float above the surface.Credit...Denis Rieck
A buoy barnacle, Dosima fascicularis, viewed from the side, with aboral
white float at the water’s surface.Credit...Denis Rieck
But Dr. Helm said there is another implication of the study: Organizations working to remove plastic waste from the patch may also need to consider
what the study means for their efforts.
There are several nonprofit organizations working to remove floating
plastic from the Great Pacific Patch. The largest, the Ocean Cleanup
Foundation in the Netherlands, developed a net specifically to collect and concentrate marine debris as it is pulled across the sea’s surface by
winds and currents. Once the net is full, a ship takes its contents to
land for proper disposal.
Dr. Helm and other scientists warn that such nets threaten sea life,
including neuston. Although adjustments to the net’s design have been made
to reduce bycatch, Dr. Helm believes any large-scale removal of plastic
from the patch could pose a threat to its neuston inhabitants.
“When it comes to figuring out what to do about the plastic that’s already
in the ocean, I think we need to be really careful,” she said. The results
of her study “really emphasize the need to study the open ocean before we
try to manipulate it, modify it, clean it up or extract minerals from it.”
Laurent Lebreton, an oceanographer with the Ocean Cleanup Foundation,
disagreed with Dr. Helm.
“It’s too early to reach any conclusions on how we should react to that
study,” he said. “You have to take into account the effects of plastic pollution on other species. We are collecting several tons of plastic
every week with our system — plastic that is affecting the environment.”
Plastic in the ocean poses a threat to marine life, killing more than a
million seabirds every year, as well as more than 100,000 marine mammals, according to UNESCO. Everything from fish to whales can become entangled,
and animals often mistake it for food and end up starving to death with stomachs full of plastic.
Ocean plastics that don’t end up asphyxiating an albatross or entangling
an elephant seal eventually break down into microplastics, which penetrate every branch of the food web and are nearly impossible to remove from the environment.
One thing everyone agrees on is that we need to stop the flow of plastic
into the ocean.
“We need to turn off the tap,” Mr. Lecomte said.
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/06/science/great-pacific-garbage-patch- pollution.html
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