Multibody analysis and soft tissue strength refute supersonic dinosaur
tail.
Abstract
Sauropod dinosaurs are well known for their massive sizes and long
necks and tails. Among sauropods, flagellicaudatan dinosaurs are characterized by extreme tail elongation, which has led to hypotheses regarding tail function, often compared to a whip. Here, we analyse
the dynamics of motion of a 3D model of an apatosaurine
flagellicaudatan tail using multibody simulation and quantify the stress-bearing capabilities of the associated soft tissues. Such an elongated and slender structure would allow achieving tip velocities
in the order of 30 m/s, or 100 km/h, far slower than the speed of
sound, due to the combined effect of friction of the musculature and articulations, as well as aerodynamic drag. The material properties of
the skin, tendons, and ligaments also support such evidence, proving
that in life, the tail would not have withstood the stresses imposed
by travelling at the speed of sound, irrespective of the conjectural ‘popper’, a hypothetical soft tissue structure analogue to the
terminal portion of a bullwhip able to surpass the speed of sound.
Open access:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-21633-2
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