• Re: 436ma First pair-finned fish

    From John Harshman@21:1/5 to Daud Deden on Mon Oct 3 20:53:16 2022
    On 10/3/22 8:38 PM, Daud Deden wrote:
    https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/09/220928113007.htm

    Well, this is cool. Here's the abstract of the real publication.

    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04897-6

    Full body fossils of galeaspids; very exciting.

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From Daud Deden@21:1/5 to All on Mon Oct 3 20:38:47 2022
    https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/09/220928113007.htm

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From Glenn@21:1/5 to John Harshman on Mon Oct 3 21:26:17 2022
    On Monday, October 3, 2022 at 8:53:21 PM UTC-7, John Harshman wrote:
    On 10/3/22 8:38 PM, Daud Deden wrote:
    https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/09/220928113007.htm

    Well, this is cool. Here's the abstract of the real publication.

    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04897-6

    Full body fossils of galeaspids; very exciting.


    Here, shit yourself silly:

    https://phys.org/news/2022-09-dead-fish-life-evolutionary-fins.html

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From Glenn@21:1/5 to Glenn on Mon Oct 3 21:29:11 2022
    On Monday, October 3, 2022 at 9:26:18 PM UTC-7, Glenn wrote:
    On Monday, October 3, 2022 at 8:53:21 PM UTC-7, John Harshman wrote:
    On 10/3/22 8:38 PM, Daud Deden wrote:
    https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/09/220928113007.htm

    Well, this is cool. Here's the abstract of the real publication.

    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04897-6

    Full body fossils of galeaspids; very exciting.
    Here, shit yourself silly:

    https://phys.org/news/2022-09-dead-fish-life-evolutionary-fins.html

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DiKqfi0Djvo

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From Daud Deden@21:1/5 to John Harshman on Mon Oct 3 23:13:19 2022
    On Monday, October 3, 2022 at 11:53:21 PM UTC-4, John Harshman wrote:
    On 10/3/22 8:38 PM, Daud Deden wrote:
    https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/09/220928113007.htm

    Well, this is cool. Here's the abstract of the real publication.

    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04897-6

    Full body fossils of galeaspids; very exciting.

    I hadn't expected it to be a freshwater dweller.

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From Trolidan7@21:1/5 to Daud Deden on Tue Oct 4 15:51:10 2022
    On 10/3/22 11:13 PM, Daud Deden wrote:
    On Monday, October 3, 2022 at 11:53:21 PM UTC-4, John Harshman wrote:
    On 10/3/22 8:38 PM, Daud Deden wrote:
    https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/09/220928113007.htm

    Well, this is cool. Here's the abstract of the real publication.

    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04897-6

    Full body fossils of galeaspids; very exciting.

    I hadn't expected it to be a freshwater dweller.

    Is there a clear and obvious understanding of what
    fish fossils are supposed to be freshwater and what
    fish fossils are supposed to be marine?

    I would guess that if there is understanding of that
    for many species, it would involve looking at the
    sediments that the fossils are embedded in?

    I am getting the idea that paleontologists in general
    consider marine osteichthyes to be derived from freshwater
    fish, with the general evidence being the existence of
    at least vestigal kidneys in marine fish species, as well
    as the salinity of the blood of osteichthyes, but there might
    be some more direct evidence as well?

    In general, how do marine fish lower the salinity of their
    blood? Can kidneys actually reduce the salinity of blood
    beyond the salinity of ingested seawater or is some other
    process used? I am thinking that marine turtles 'cry'
    hypersaline 'tears' into the water but I am not sure about
    bony fish.

    If it is possible for kidneys to produce urine that is
    more saline than seawater, then why do paleontologists
    think that kidneys are evidence that osteichthyes in
    general is derived from freshwater species? Or do
    paleontologists not actually hold this view to begin
    with?

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From Daud Deden@21:1/5 to All on Wed Oct 5 15:25:34 2022
    On Tuesday, October 4, 2022 at 6:51:14 PM UTC-4, Trolidan7 wrote:
    On 10/3/22 11:13 PM, Daud Deden wrote:
    On Monday, October 3, 2022 at 11:53:21 PM UTC-4, John Harshman wrote:
    On 10/3/22 8:38 PM, Daud Deden wrote:
    https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/09/220928113007.htm

    Well, this is cool. Here's the abstract of the real publication.

    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04897-6

    Full body fossils of galeaspids; very exciting.

    I hadn't expected it to be a freshwater dweller.
    Is there a clear and obvious understanding of what
    fish fossils are supposed to be freshwater and what
    fish fossils are supposed to be marine?

    I would guess that if there is understanding of that
    for many species, it would involve looking at the
    sediments that the fossils are embedded in?

    I am getting the idea that paleontologists in general
    consider marine osteichthyes to be derived from freshwater
    fish, with the general evidence being the existence of
    at least vestigal kidneys in marine fish species, as well
    as the salinity of the blood of osteichthyes, but there might
    be some more direct evidence as well?

    In general, how do marine fish lower the salinity of their
    blood? Can kidneys actually reduce the salinity of blood
    beyond the salinity of ingested seawater or is some other
    process used? I am thinking that marine turtles 'cry'
    hypersaline 'tears' into the water but I am not sure about
    bony fish.

    If it is possible for kidneys to produce urine that is
    more saline than seawater, then why do paleontologists
    think that kidneys are evidence that osteichthyes in
    general is derived from freshwater species? Or do
    paleontologists not actually hold this view to begin
    with?

    ---

    Trolidan, this may help?

    Per r norman at SAP:

    Invertebrates and early chordates, like the hagfish (myxine), have
    body fluids very similar to sea water, which has not changed that much
    in the half billion years. There are differences in individual ion concentrations, but the osmotic pressure is very close. The later
    vertebrates are a completely different story, having salt
    concentrations far lower. One major hypothesis (frankly, I do not
    know whether it is universally accepted) is that they evolved in fresh
    water. Modern marine vertebrates including sharks, bony fish,
    reptiles, birds, and amphibians, reinvaded the ocean afterwards.

    So the body fluids of humans, mammals, and tetrapods in general is
    much lower than sea water not because sea water was more dilute back
    then but because they inherited that feature from freshwater
    ancestors.

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From Peter Nyikos@21:1/5 to Glenn on Tue Oct 11 07:18:35 2022
    This is my first look at this thread, and I am disappointed
    by the lack of interest in the main hypothesis of the authors.
    Glenn's lack of interest I can understand; but why nothing from John?

    Glenn, on the other hand, did us all a service by finding a
    non-paywalled popularization with magnificent illustrations
    based on the ones in the paywalled (but available to me
    through my university) _Nature_ article.

    On Tuesday, October 4, 2022 at 12:26:18 AM UTC-4, Glenn wrote:
    On Monday, October 3, 2022 at 8:53:21 PM UTC-7, John Harshman wrote:
    On 10/3/22 8:38 PM, Daud Deden wrote:
    https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/09/220928113007.htm

    Well, this is cool. Here's the abstract of the real publication.

    Strange use of words: "cool" vs "real".

    Not cool enough to provide pictures, though.

    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04897-6

    Full body fossils of galeaspids; very exciting.

    No mention of what makes it exciting for paleontologists:
    instead of paired fins, the fossils of these Silurian fish are
    interpreted as having very narrow fin folds extending
    all along the body:

    "Perhaps the most unexpected feature of the postcranial anatomy of galeaspids is a pair of pronounced ventrolateral fins that extend continuously from a branchial to a caudal position, effectively bifurcating from the ventral lobe of the caudal fin."
    [from the _Nature_ article]

    Their significance is hypothesized to be as follows:

    "Corresponding author Professor Donoghue said, "Tujiaaspis breathes new life into a century old hypothesis for the evolution of paired fins, through differentiation of pectoral (arms) and pelvic (legs) fins over evolutionary time from a continuous head-
    to-tail fin precursor."
    -- from the popularization linked by Glenn below.

    However, there is a disquieting feature that seems to rule out anything
    like a direct ancestral role to Tujiaaspis or closely related taxa:

    "A small oval orifice preserved in the midline of the abdominal area at about half of the body length is probably the anal opening (cloaca), but no anal fin is observed posterior to the anus (Figs. 1 and 2f)."
    [from the paywalled part of the _Nature_ article]

    Ironically, had Glenn known about this, it would have given him an excuse
    for the following inappropriate language:

    Here, shit yourself silly:

    Crikey, why not tell us the really interesting thing:
    this is the first of the three non-paywalled references with illustrations.
    And it even has something lacking in the paywalled part of the
    article: a 10-second video originating in China that shows the
    artists' conception of the fish swimming, with views from many angles.

    https://phys.org/news/2022-09-dead-fish-life-evolutionary-fins.html


    Peter Nyikos
    Professor, Dept. of Mathematics -- standard disclaimer--
    University of South Carolina
    http://people.math.sc.edu/nyikos

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From John Harshman@21:1/5 to Peter Nyikos on Tue Oct 11 08:30:25 2022
    On 10/11/22 7:18 AM, Peter Nyikos wrote:
    This is my first look at this thread, and I am disappointed
    by the lack of interest in the main hypothesis of the authors.
    Glenn's lack of interest I can understand; but why nothing from John?

    Glenn, on the other hand, did us all a service by finding a
    non-paywalled popularization with magnificent illustrations
    based on the ones in the paywalled (but available to me
    through my university) _Nature_ article.

    On Tuesday, October 4, 2022 at 12:26:18 AM UTC-4, Glenn wrote:
    On Monday, October 3, 2022 at 8:53:21 PM UTC-7, John Harshman wrote:
    On 10/3/22 8:38 PM, Daud Deden wrote:
    https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/09/220928113007.htm

    Well, this is cool. Here's the abstract of the real publication.

    Strange use of words: "cool" vs "real".

    Not cool enough to provide pictures, though.

    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04897-6

    Full body fossils of galeaspids; very exciting.

    No mention of what makes it exciting for paleontologists:
    instead of paired fins, the fossils of these Silurian fish are
    interpreted as having very narrow fin folds extending
    all along the body:

    "Perhaps the most unexpected feature of the postcranial anatomy of galeaspids is a pair of pronounced ventrolateral fins that extend continuously from a branchial to a caudal position, effectively bifurcating from the ventral lobe of the caudal fin."
    [from the _Nature_ article]

    Their significance is hypothesized to be as follows:

    "Corresponding author Professor Donoghue said, "Tujiaaspis breathes new life into a century old hypothesis for the evolution of paired fins, through differentiation of pectoral (arms) and pelvic (legs) fins over evolutionary time from a continuous head-
    to-tail fin precursor."
    -- from the popularization linked by Glenn below.

    However, there is a disquieting feature that seems to rule out anything
    like a direct ancestral role to Tujiaaspis or closely related taxa:

    "A small oval orifice preserved in the midline of the abdominal area at about half of the body length is probably the anal opening (cloaca), but no anal fin is observed posterior to the anus (Figs. 1 and 2f)."
    [from the paywalled part of the _Nature_ article]

    Ironically, had Glenn known about this, it would have given him an excuse
    for the following inappropriate language:

    Here, shit yourself silly:

    Crikey, why not tell us the really interesting thing:
    this is the first of the three non-paywalled references with illustrations. And it even has something lacking in the paywalled part of the
    article: a 10-second video originating in China that shows the
    artists' conception of the fish swimming, with views from many angles.

    https://phys.org/news/2022-09-dead-fish-life-evolutionary-fins.html

    When you pepper your posts with personal attacks and replies to quotes
    several layers deep it makes me less inclined to respond.

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From John Harshman@21:1/5 to Peter Nyikos on Tue Oct 11 17:55:31 2022
    On 10/11/22 5:22 PM, Peter Nyikos wrote:
    On Tuesday, October 11, 2022 at 11:30:31 AM UTC-4, John Harshman wrote:
    On 10/11/22 7:18 AM, Peter Nyikos wrote:
    This is my first look at this thread, and I am disappointed
    by the lack of interest in the main hypothesis of the authors.
    Glenn's lack of interest I can understand; but why nothing from John?

    Glenn, on the other hand, did us all a service by finding a
    non-paywalled popularization with magnificent illustrations
    based on the ones in the paywalled (but available to me
    through my university) _Nature_ article.

    On Tuesday, October 4, 2022 at 12:26:18 AM UTC-4, Glenn wrote:
    On Monday, October 3, 2022 at 8:53:21 PM UTC-7, John Harshman wrote:
    On 10/3/22 8:38 PM, Daud Deden wrote:
    https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/09/220928113007.htm

    Well, this is cool. Here's the abstract of the real publication.

    Strange use of words: "cool" vs "real".

    Not cool enough to provide pictures, though.

    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04897-6

    Full body fossils of galeaspids; very exciting.

    No mention of what makes it exciting for paleontologists:
    instead of paired fins, the fossils of these Silurian fish are
    interpreted as having very narrow fin folds extending
    all along the body:

    "Perhaps the most unexpected feature of the postcranial anatomy of galeaspids is a pair of pronounced ventrolateral fins that extend continuously from a branchial to a caudal position, effectively bifurcating from the ventral lobe of the caudal fin."
    [from the _Nature_ article]

    Their significance is hypothesized to be as follows:

    "Corresponding author Professor Donoghue said, "Tujiaaspis breathes new life into a century old hypothesis for the evolution of paired fins, through differentiation of pectoral (arms) and pelvic (legs) fins over evolutionary time from a continuous
    head-to-tail fin precursor."
    -- from the popularization linked by Glenn below.

    However, there is a disquieting feature that seems to rule out anything
    like a direct ancestral role to Tujiaaspis or closely related taxa:

    "A small oval orifice preserved in the midline of the abdominal area at about half of the body length is probably the anal opening (cloaca), but no anal fin is observed posterior to the anus (Figs. 1 and 2f)."
    [from the paywalled part of the _Nature_ article]

    Ironically, had Glenn known about this, it would have given him an excuse >>> for the following inappropriate language:

    Here, shit yourself silly:

    Crikey, why not tell us the really interesting thing:
    this is the first of the three non-paywalled references with illustrations. >>> And it even has something lacking in the paywalled part of the
    article: a 10-second video originating in China that shows the
    artists' conception of the fish swimming, with views from many angles.

    https://phys.org/news/2022-09-dead-fish-life-evolutionary-fins.html

    When you pepper your posts with personal attacks and replies to quotes
    several layers deep it makes me less inclined to respond.

    These words would have weight if you had bothered to
    say something on-topic that befits your educational level.

    You had a whole week to do it. Yet you don't do it even now.

    Whatever happened to the John Harshman who would do unmarked
    snips to personal comments that offended him, and would then respond
    to the on-topic comments? Have you lost your interest in responding to them?

    As it is, you come across like a spoiled child who tries to manipulate others into catering to his whims ("makes me less inclined").

    I have been planning to do a thread on reproduction in coelacanths,
    and ran out of time yesterday. I was about to begin now,
    and even to add lungfishes to the study. But your behavior here
    makes me wonder whether you will ever try to
    make comments that move the topic forward.


    Peter Nyikos

    PS When you wrote "personal attacks" were you only thinking
    of yourself, and not Glenn also?

    I have no response to this off-topic post.

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From Peter Nyikos@21:1/5 to John Harshman on Tue Oct 11 17:22:43 2022
    On Tuesday, October 11, 2022 at 11:30:31 AM UTC-4, John Harshman wrote:
    On 10/11/22 7:18 AM, Peter Nyikos wrote:
    This is my first look at this thread, and I am disappointed
    by the lack of interest in the main hypothesis of the authors.
    Glenn's lack of interest I can understand; but why nothing from John?

    Glenn, on the other hand, did us all a service by finding a
    non-paywalled popularization with magnificent illustrations
    based on the ones in the paywalled (but available to me
    through my university) _Nature_ article.

    On Tuesday, October 4, 2022 at 12:26:18 AM UTC-4, Glenn wrote:
    On Monday, October 3, 2022 at 8:53:21 PM UTC-7, John Harshman wrote:
    On 10/3/22 8:38 PM, Daud Deden wrote:
    https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/09/220928113007.htm

    Well, this is cool. Here's the abstract of the real publication.

    Strange use of words: "cool" vs "real".

    Not cool enough to provide pictures, though.

    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04897-6

    Full body fossils of galeaspids; very exciting.

    No mention of what makes it exciting for paleontologists:
    instead of paired fins, the fossils of these Silurian fish are
    interpreted as having very narrow fin folds extending
    all along the body:

    "Perhaps the most unexpected feature of the postcranial anatomy of galeaspids is a pair of pronounced ventrolateral fins that extend continuously from a branchial to a caudal position, effectively bifurcating from the ventral lobe of the caudal fin."
    [from the _Nature_ article]

    Their significance is hypothesized to be as follows:

    "Corresponding author Professor Donoghue said, "Tujiaaspis breathes new life into a century old hypothesis for the evolution of paired fins, through differentiation of pectoral (arms) and pelvic (legs) fins over evolutionary time from a continuous
    head-to-tail fin precursor."
    -- from the popularization linked by Glenn below.

    However, there is a disquieting feature that seems to rule out anything like a direct ancestral role to Tujiaaspis or closely related taxa:

    "A small oval orifice preserved in the midline of the abdominal area at about half of the body length is probably the anal opening (cloaca), but no anal fin is observed posterior to the anus (Figs. 1 and 2f)."
    [from the paywalled part of the _Nature_ article]

    Ironically, had Glenn known about this, it would have given him an excuse for the following inappropriate language:

    Here, shit yourself silly:

    Crikey, why not tell us the really interesting thing:
    this is the first of the three non-paywalled references with illustrations.
    And it even has something lacking in the paywalled part of the
    article: a 10-second video originating in China that shows the
    artists' conception of the fish swimming, with views from many angles.

    https://phys.org/news/2022-09-dead-fish-life-evolutionary-fins.html

    When you pepper your posts with personal attacks and replies to quotes several layers deep it makes me less inclined to respond.

    These words would have weight if you had bothered to
    say something on-topic that befits your educational level.

    You had a whole week to do it. Yet you don't do it even now.

    Whatever happened to the John Harshman who would do unmarked
    snips to personal comments that offended him, and would then respond
    to the on-topic comments? Have you lost your interest in responding to them?

    As it is, you come across like a spoiled child who tries to manipulate others into catering to his whims ("makes me less inclined").

    I have been planning to do a thread on reproduction in coelacanths,
    and ran out of time yesterday. I was about to begin now,
    and even to add lungfishes to the study. But your behavior here
    makes me wonder whether you will ever try to
    make comments that move the topic forward.


    Peter Nyikos

    PS When you wrote "personal attacks" were you only thinking
    of yourself, and not Glenn also?

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From Peter Nyikos@21:1/5 to daud....@gmail.com on Tue Oct 11 18:16:52 2022
    I hope Daud and Trolidan7 are still following this thread (and one out of two ain't bad).

    On Wednesday, October 5, 2022 at 6:25:35 PM UTC-4, daud....@gmail.com wrote:
    On Tuesday, October 4, 2022 at 6:51:14 PM UTC-4, Trolidan7 wrote:
    On 10/3/22 11:13 PM, Daud Deden wrote:
    On Monday, October 3, 2022 at 11:53:21 PM UTC-4, John Harshman wrote:
    On 10/3/22 8:38 PM, Daud Deden wrote:
    https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/09/220928113007.htm

    Well, this is cool. Here's the abstract of the real publication.

    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04897-6

    Full body fossils of galeaspids; very exciting.


    [Daud:]
    I hadn't expected it to be a freshwater dweller.

    [Trolidan:]
    Is there a clear and obvious understanding of what
    fish fossils are supposed to be freshwater and what
    fish fossils are supposed to be marine?

    I would guess that if there is understanding of that
    for many species, it would involve looking at the
    sediments that the fossils are embedded in?

    I am getting the idea that paleontologists in general
    consider marine osteichthyes to be derived from freshwater
    fish, with the general evidence being the existence of
    at least vestigal kidneys in marine fish species, as well
    as the salinity of the blood of osteichthyes, but there might
    be some more direct evidence as well?

    In general, how do marine fish lower the salinity of their
    blood? Can kidneys actually reduce the salinity of blood
    beyond the salinity of ingested seawater or is some other
    process used? I am thinking that marine turtles 'cry'
    hypersaline 'tears' into the water but I am not sure about
    bony fish.

    If it is possible for kidneys to produce urine that is
    more saline than seawater, then why do paleontologists
    think that kidneys are evidence that osteichthyes in
    general is derived from freshwater species? Or do
    paleontologists not actually hold this view to begin
    with?

    Romer held this view in his 1945 classic _Vertebrate Paleontology_, where he wrote,

    "The active swimming characteristic of vertebrates suggests that their home lay in fresh waters where mobility was necessary to counteract the downward sweep of stream currents. Studies of kidney structure and function indicate that the primitive
    vertebrate kidney was one `invented' for use in a freshwater environment and that this structure was variously modified by later marine types. The fossil record is in accord with these other lines of evidence. Nearly all records of Silurian and early
    Devonian vertebrates are of a type that suggests that the oldest known fish lived in inland waters. Most ostracoderms were apparently stream and pond dwellers...few of the higher bony fishes appear to have been ocean dwellers before the Mesozoic." [p. 36]


    I don't know whether newer books have departed from this opinion, and I
    am too close to my bedtime [I've been an early riser all year] for me to
    find out today. Did either of you find out anything from newer sources this past week?


    The Silurian fish in the article are ostracoderms, jawless fish like the lampreys, which have taken to fresh water with catastrophic results to the Great Lakes.

    Trolidan, this may help?

    Per r norman at SAP:

    Has Richard Norman resurfaced at sci.anthropolgy.paleo? That would be very welcome news!
    When did he make the following comments?

    Invertebrates and early chordates, like the hagfish (myxine), have
    body fluids very similar to sea water, which has not changed that much
    in the half billion years.

    It used to be believed that hagfish are more distantly related to ostracoderms than to lampreys.
    This seems to be evidence for that old theory, and contrary to what Wikipedia takes to be the more popular present view. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagfish

    There are differences in individual ion
    concentrations, but the osmotic pressure is very close. The later vertebrates are a completely different story, having salt
    concentrations far lower. One major hypothesis (frankly, I do not
    know whether it is universally accepted) is that they evolved in fresh water. Modern marine vertebrates including sharks, bony fish,
    reptiles, birds, and amphibians, reinvaded the ocean afterwards.

    So the body fluids of humans, mammals, and tetrapods in general is
    much lower than sea water not because sea water was more dilute back
    then but because they inherited that feature from freshwater
    ancestors.

    In partial answer to Trolidan's questions, I have seen informative
    posters in Columbia's highly regarded Riverbanks Zoo which say
    that freshwater fish and saltwater fish have opposite problems wrt
    salinity. The former have to keep expelling water to keep the proper
    level, while the latter have (paradoxically!) to keep drinking water
    while vigorously expelling salt. In the former case, pure water
    tends to go through the skin, while in the latter, osmotic
    pressure pushes water out into the more saline environment.


    Peter Nyikos
    Professor, Dept. of Mathematics -- standard disclaimer--
    Univ. of South Carolina at Columbia
    http://people.math.sc.edu/nyikos

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From Daud Deden@21:1/5 to Daud Deden on Sun Oct 30 17:18:16 2022
    On Monday, October 3, 2022 at 11:38:50 PM UTC-4, Daud Deden wrote:
    https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/09/220928113007.htm

    Jawed & teethed fish https://scitechdaily-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/scitechdaily.com/new-findings-rewrite-the-evolutionary-story-of-fish-to-human/amp/?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIKAGwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16670825370429&csi=1&referrer=https%3A%2F%
    2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fscitechdaily.com%2Fnew-findings-rewrite-the-evolutionary-story-of-fish-to-human%2F

    I have wondered if the slimy tongue of snails is related to the tongue of jawed toothed fish and snakes. If so, is the snail's shell like a viper's hollow fang?

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