• Reversal of cognitive decline: A novel therapeutic program (2/2)

    From =?UTF-8?B?4oqZ77y/4oqZ?=@21:1/5 to All on Thu Aug 18 21:24:45 2016
    [continued from previous message]

    It is noteworthy that the major side effect of this therapeutic system is improved health and optimal BMI (body mass index), a result in stark contrast to monopharmaceutical treatments. However, the program is not easy to follow, and none of the patients
    followed the entire protocol. The significant diet and lifestyle changes, and multiple pills required each day, were the two most common complaints of the patients. However, these complaints were mitigated by the fact that all of the patients had
    previously been made aware, either through their physicians or the media, that their prognosis was poor and their cognitive decline essentially untreatable.

    One potentially important application of the therapeutic program described herein is that such a therapeutic system may be useful as a platform on which drugs that would fail as monotherapeutics may succeed as key components of a therapeutic system.
    Combination therapeutics have proven successful in multiple chronic illnesses, such as HIV and cancer [5].

    The positive results reported here are perhaps not surprising given that therapeutic programs have proven more effective than monotherapeutics in multiple chronic illnesses, such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, HIV, and cancer [5, 35]. Indeed,
    chronic illnesses may be more amenable to therapeutic systems than to monotherapeutics. However, the current, anecdotal results require a larger trial, not only to confirm or refute the results reported here, but also to address key questions raised,
    such as the degree of improvement that can be achieved routinely, how late in the course of cognitive decline reversal can be effected, whether such an approach may be effective in patients with familial Alzheimer's disease, and how long improvement can
    be sustained.

    In summary

    A novel, comprehensive, and personalized therapeutic system is described that is based on the underlying pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The basic tenets for the development of this system are also described.

    Of the first 10 patients who utilized this program, including patients with memory loss associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), or subjective cognitive impairment (SCI), nine showed subjective or objective
    improvement.

    One potentially important outcome is that all six of the patients whose cognitive decline had a major impact on job performance were able to return to work or continue working without difficulty.

    These anecdotal results suggest the need for a controlled clinical trial of the therapeutic program.


    Acknowledgements

    I am grateful for support from the NIH (AG16570, AG034427 and AG036975), the Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA, the Douglas and Ellen Rosenberg Foundation, the Stephen D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation, the Joseph Drown Foundation,
    the Alzheimer's Association, the Accelerate Fund, the Buck Institute and Marin Community Foundation, the Michael and Catherine Podell Fund, Mr. Craig Johnson, and Ms. Michaela Hoag. I thank Dr. David Jones, Dr. Rammohan Rao, and Dr. Varghese John for
    discussions, and Rowena Abulencia for preparing the manuscript.

    Conflict of Interests Statement

    The author of this manuscript declares no conflict of interest.

    References

    1.
    2. James BD, Leurgans SE, Hebert LE, Scherr PA, Yaffe K, Bennett DA. Contribution of Alzheimer disease to mortality in the United States. Neurology. 2014; 82: 1045-1050. [PubMed]
    3.
    4.
    5. Bredesen DE and John V. Next generation therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease. EMBO Mol Med. 2013; 5: 795-798. [PubMed]
    6. Lu DC, Rabizadeh S, Chandra S, Shayya RF, Ellerby LM, Ye X, Salvesen GS, Koo EH, Bredesen DE. A second cytotoxic proteolytic peptide derived from amyloid beta-protein precursor. Nat Med. 2000; 6: 397-404. [PubMed]
    7. Galvan V, Gorostiza OF, Banwait S, Ataie M, Logvinova AV, Sitaraman S, Carlson E, Sagi SA, Chevallier N, Jin K, Greenberg DA, Bredesen DE. Reversal of Alzheimer's-like pathology and behavior in human APP transgenic mice by mutation of Asp664. Proc
    Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006; 103: 7130-7135. [PubMed]
    8. Bredesen DE. Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease: caspases and synaptic element interdependence. Mol Neurodegener. 2009; 4: 27 [PubMed]
    9. Bredesen DE. Prionic Loops, Anti-Prions, and Dependence Receptors in Neurodegeneration. In: Legname GR and Detlev, eds. Prion Research of Stan Prusiner and his Colleagues. Gernamy : Dusseldorf University Press, 2013, pp. 1-24.
    10. Lu DC, Shaked GM, Masliah E, Bredesen DE, Koo EH. Amyloid beta protein toxicity mediated by the formation of amyloid-beta protein precursor complexes. Ann Neurol. 2003; 54: 781-789. [PubMed]
    11. Bertrand E, Brouillet E, Caille I, Bouillot C, Cole GM, Prochiantz A, Allinquant B. A short cytoplasmic domain of the amyloid precursor protein induces apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2001; 18: 503-511. [PubMed]
    12. Nikolaev A, McLaughlin T, O'Leary DD, Tessier-Lavigne M. APP binds DR6 to trigger axon pruning and neuron death via distinct caspases. Nature. 2009; 457: 981-989. [PubMed]
    13. Guo H, Tittle TV, Allen H, Maziarz RT. Brefeldin A-mediated apoptosis requires the activation of caspases and is inhibited by Bcl-2. Exp Cell Res. 1998; 245: 57-68. [PubMed]
    14. Tian Y, Crump CJ, Li YM. Dual role of alpha-secretase cleavage in the regulation of gamma-secretase activity for amyloid production. J Biol Chem. 2010; 285: 32549-32556. [PubMed]
    15. Deyts C, Vetrivel KS, Das S, Shepherd YM, Dupre DJ, Thinakaran G, Parent AT. Novel GalphaS-Protein Signaling Associated with Membrane-Tethered Amyloid Precursor Protein Intracellular Domain. J Neurosci. 2012; 32: 1714-1729. [PubMed]
    16. Jonsson T, Atwal JK, Steinberg S, Snaedal J, Jonsson PV, Bjornsson S, Stefansson H, Sulem P, Gudbjartsson D, Maloney J, Hoyte K, Gustafson A, Liu Y, et al. A mutation in APP protects against Alzheimer's disease and age-related cognitive decline.
    Nature. 2012; 488: 96-99. [PubMed]
    17. Bredesen DE, John V, Galvan V. Importance of the caspase cleavage site in amyloid-beta protein precursor. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010; 22: 57-63. [PubMed]
    18. Lourenco FC, Galvan V, Fombonne J, Corset V, Llambi F, Muller U, Bredesen DE, Mehlen P. Netrin-1 interacts with amyloid precursor protein and regulates amyloid-beta production. Cell Death Differ. 2009; 16: 655-663. [PubMed]
    19. Obregon D, Hou H, Deng J, Giunta B, Tian J, Darlington D, Shahaduzzaman M, Zhu Y, Mori T, Mattson MP, Tan J. Soluble amyloid precursor protein-alpha modulates beta-secretase activity and amyloid-beta generation. Nature communications. 2012; 3: 777
    20. Lu D, Soriano S, Bredesen D, Koo E. Caspase cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein modulates amyloid beta-protein toxicity. J Neurochem. 2003; 87: 733-741. [PubMed]
    21. Meyer-Luehmann M, Coomaraswamy J, Bolmont T, Kaeser S, Schaefer C, Kilger E, Neuenschwander A, Abramowski D, Frey P, Jaton AL, Vigouret JM, Paganetti P, Walsh DM, et al. Exogenous induction of cerebral beta-amyloidogenesis is governed by agent and
    host. Science. 2006; 313: 1781-1784. [PubMed]
    22. Spilman P, Descamps O, Gorostiza O, Peters-Libeu C, Poksay KS, Matalis A, Campagna J, Patent A, Rao R, John V, Bredesen DE. The multi-functional drug tropisetron binds APP and normalizes cognition in a murine Alzheimer's model. Brain Res. 2014; 1551:
    25-44. [PubMed]
    23. Zhang XY, Liu L, Liu S, Hong X, Chen da C, Xiu MH, Yang FD, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Kosten TA, Kosten TR. Short-term tropisetron treatment and cognitive and P50 auditory gating deficits in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2012; 169: 974-981. [PubMed]
    24. Saganich MJ, Schroeder BE, Galvan V, Bredesen DE, Koo EH, Heinemann SF. Deficits in synaptic transmission and learning in amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice require C-terminal cleavage of APP. J Neurosci. 2006; 26: 13428-13436. [PubMed]
    25. Banwait S, Galvan V, Zhang J, Gorostiza OF, Ataie M, Huang W, Crippen D, Koo EH, Bredesen DE. C-terminal cleavage of the amyloid-beta protein precursor at Asp664: a switch associated with Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2008; 13: 1-16. [PubMed]
    26. Galvan V, Zhang J, Gorostiza OF, Banwait S, Huang W, Ataie M, Tang H, Bredesen DE. Long-term prevention of Alzheimer's disease-like behavioral deficits in PDAPP mice carrying a mutation in Asp664. Behav Brain Res. 2008; 191: 246-255. [PubMed]
    27. Heijer T, Skoog I, Oudkerk M, de Leeuw FE, de Groot JC, Hofman A, Breteler MM. Association between blood pressure levels over time and brain atrophy in the elderly. Neurobiol Aging. 2003; 24: 307-313. [PubMed]
    28. Lan YL, Zhao J, Li S. Update on the Neuroprotective Effect of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Against Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014
    29. Shi C, Zhu X, Wang J, Long D. Estrogen receptor alpha promotes non-amyloidogenic processing of platelet amyloid precursor protein via the MAPK/ERK pathway. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2014; 144PB: 280-285. [PubMed]
    30. Yang Y, Wu Y, Zhang S, Song W. High glucose promotes Abeta production by inhibiting APP degradation. PLoS One. 2013; 8: e69824 [PubMed]
    31. Sutinen EM, Pirttila T, Anderson G, Salminen A, Ojala JO. Pro-inflammatory interleukin-18 increases Alzheimer's disease-associated amyloid-beta production in human neuron-like cells. Journal of neuroinflammation. 2012; 9: 199 [PubMed]
    32. Theendakara V, Patent A, Peters Libeu CA, Philpot B, Flores S, Descamps O, Poksay KS, Zhang Q, Cailing G, Hart M, John V, Rao RV, Bredesen DE. Neuroprotective Sirtuin ratio reversed by ApoE4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013; 110: 18303-18308. [PubMed]
    33. Wade AG, Farmer M, Harari G, Fund N, Laudon M, Nir T, Frydman-Marom A, Zisapel N. Add-on prolonged-release melatonin for cognitive function and sleep in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a 6-month, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter
    trial. Clin Interv Aging. 2014; 9: 947-961. [PubMed]
    34. Cotman CW, Berchtold NC, Christie LA. Exercise builds brain health: key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation. Trends Neurosci. 2007; 30: 464-472. [PubMed]
    35. Silberman A, Banthia R, Estay IS, Kemp C, Studley J, Hareras D, Ornish D. The effectiveness and efficacy of an intensive cardiac rehabilitation program in 24 sites. Am J Health Promot. 2010; 24: 260-266. [PubMed]
    36. Polimeni G, Esposito E, Bevelacqua V, Guarneri C, Cuzzocrea S. Role of melatonin supplementation in neurodegenerative disorders. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2014; 19: 429-446. [PubMed]
    37. Aguiar P, Monteiro L, Feres A, Gomes I, Melo A. Rivastigmine transdermal patch and physical exercises for Alzheimer's disease: a randomized clinical trial. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2014; 11: 532-537. [PubMed]
    38. Smith JC, Nielson KA, Woodard JL, Seidenberg M, Durgerian S, Hazlett KE, Figueroa CM, Kandah CC, Kay CD, Matthews MA, Rao SM. Physical activity reduces hippocampal atrophy in elders at genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease. Frontiers in aging
    neuroscience. 2014; 6: 61 [PubMed]
    39. Smith GE, Housen P, Yaffe K, Ruff R, Kennison RF, Mahncke HW, Zelinski EM. A cognitive training program based on principles of brain plasticity: results from the Improvement in Memory with Plasticity-based Adaptive Cognitive Training (IMPACT) study.
    J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009; 57: 594-603. [PubMed]
    40. Hooshmand B, Solomon A, Kareholt I, Leiviska J, Rusanen M, Ahtiluoto S, Winblad B, Laatikainen T, Soininen H, Kivipelto M. Homocysteine and holotranscobalamin and the risk of Alzheimer disease: a longitudinal study. Neurology. 2010; 75: 1408-1414. [
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    45. Sehgal N, Gupta A, Valli RK, Joshi SD, Mills JT, Hamel E, Khanna P, Jain SC, Thakur SS, Ravindranath V. Withania somnifera reverses Alzheimer's disease pathology by enhancing low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein in liver. Proc Natl Acad
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    46. Zanotta D, Puricelli S, Bonoldi G. Cognitive effects of a dietary supplement made from extract of Bacopa monnieri, astaxanthin, phosphatidylserine, and vitamin E in subjects with mild cognitive impairment: a noncomparative, exploratory clinical study.
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    DOWNLOAD PDF
    CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
    Dale E. Bredesen, MD
    dbredesen@mednet.ucla.edu
    KEYWORDS / RELATED PUBLICATIONS
    Alzheimer's dementia mild cognitive impairment neurobehavioral disorders neuroinflammation neurodegeneration systems biology
    TABLE OF CONTENTS
    Abstract
    Introduction
    Results
    Discussion
    In summary
    Acknowledgements
    Conflict of Interests Statement
    References
    Copyright © 2016 Impact Journals, LLC
    Impact Journals is a registered trademark of Impact Journals, LLC


    http://www.aging-us.com/article/NjJf3fWGKw4e99CyC/text

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  • From =?UTF-8?B?4oqZ77y/4oqZ?=@21:1/5 to All on Thu Aug 18 21:24:45 2016
    [continued from previous message]

    It is noteworthy that the major side effect of this therapeutic system is improved health and optimal BMI (body mass index), a result in stark contrast to monopharmaceutical treatments. However, the program is not easy to follow, and none of the patients
    followed the entire protocol. The significant diet and lifestyle changes, and multiple pills required each day, were the two most common complaints of the patients. However, these complaints were mitigated by the fact that all of the patients had
    previously been made aware, either through their physicians or the media, that their prognosis was poor and their cognitive decline essentially untreatable.

    One potentially important application of the therapeutic program described herein is that such a therapeutic system may be useful as a platform on which drugs that would fail as monotherapeutics may succeed as key components of a therapeutic system.
    Combination therapeutics have proven successful in multiple chronic illnesses, such as HIV and cancer [5].

    The positive results reported here are perhaps not surprising given that therapeutic programs have proven more effective than monotherapeutics in multiple chronic illnesses, such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, HIV, and cancer [5, 35]. Indeed,
    chronic illnesses may be more amenable to therapeutic systems than to monotherapeutics. However, the current, anecdotal results require a larger trial, not only to confirm or refute the results reported here, but also to address key questions raised,
    such as the degree of improvement that can be achieved routinely, how late in the course of cognitive decline reversal can be effected, whether such an approach may be effective in patients with familial Alzheimer's disease, and how long improvement can
    be sustained.

    In summary

    A novel, comprehensive, and personalized therapeutic system is described that is based on the underlying pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The basic tenets for the development of this system are also described.

    Of the first 10 patients who utilized this program, including patients with memory loss associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), or subjective cognitive impairment (SCI), nine showed subjective or objective
    improvement.

    One potentially important outcome is that all six of the patients whose cognitive decline had a major impact on job performance were able to return to work or continue working without difficulty.

    These anecdotal results suggest the need for a controlled clinical trial of the therapeutic program.


    Acknowledgements

    I am grateful for support from the NIH (AG16570, AG034427 and AG036975), the Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA, the Douglas and Ellen Rosenberg Foundation, the Stephen D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation, the Joseph Drown Foundation,
    the Alzheimer's Association, the Accelerate Fund, the Buck Institute and Marin Community Foundation, the Michael and Catherine Podell Fund, Mr. Craig Johnson, and Ms. Michaela Hoag. I thank Dr. David Jones, Dr. Rammohan Rao, and Dr. Varghese John for
    discussions, and Rowena Abulencia for preparing the manuscript.

    Conflict of Interests Statement

    The author of this manuscript declares no conflict of interest.

    References

    1.
    2. James BD, Leurgans SE, Hebert LE, Scherr PA, Yaffe K, Bennett DA. Contribution of Alzheimer disease to mortality in the United States. Neurology. 2014; 82: 1045-1050. [PubMed]
    3.
    4.
    5. Bredesen DE and John V. Next generation therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease. EMBO Mol Med. 2013; 5: 795-798. [PubMed]
    6. Lu DC, Rabizadeh S, Chandra S, Shayya RF, Ellerby LM, Ye X, Salvesen GS, Koo EH, Bredesen DE. A second cytotoxic proteolytic peptide derived from amyloid beta-protein precursor. Nat Med. 2000; 6: 397-404. [PubMed]
    7. Galvan V, Gorostiza OF, Banwait S, Ataie M, Logvinova AV, Sitaraman S, Carlson E, Sagi SA, Chevallier N, Jin K, Greenberg DA, Bredesen DE. Reversal of Alzheimer's-like pathology and behavior in human APP transgenic mice by mutation of Asp664. Proc
    Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006; 103: 7130-7135. [PubMed]
    8. Bredesen DE. Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease: caspases and synaptic element interdependence. Mol Neurodegener. 2009; 4: 27 [PubMed]
    9. Bredesen DE. Prionic Loops, Anti-Prions, and Dependence Receptors in Neurodegeneration. In: Legname GR and Detlev, eds. Prion Research of Stan Prusiner and his Colleagues. Gernamy : Dusseldorf University Press, 2013, pp. 1-24.
    10. Lu DC, Shaked GM, Masliah E, Bredesen DE, Koo EH. Amyloid beta protein toxicity mediated by the formation of amyloid-beta protein precursor complexes. Ann Neurol. 2003; 54: 781-789. [PubMed]
    11. Bertrand E, Brouillet E, Caille I, Bouillot C, Cole GM, Prochiantz A, Allinquant B. A short cytoplasmic domain of the amyloid precursor protein induces apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2001; 18: 503-511. [PubMed]
    12. Nikolaev A, McLaughlin T, O'Leary DD, Tessier-Lavigne M. APP binds DR6 to trigger axon pruning and neuron death via distinct caspases. Nature. 2009; 457: 981-989. [PubMed]
    13. Guo H, Tittle TV, Allen H, Maziarz RT. Brefeldin A-mediated apoptosis requires the activation of caspases and is inhibited by Bcl-2. Exp Cell Res. 1998; 245: 57-68. [PubMed]
    14. Tian Y, Crump CJ, Li YM. Dual role of alpha-secretase cleavage in the regulation of gamma-secretase activity for amyloid production. J Biol Chem. 2010; 285: 32549-32556. [PubMed]
    15. Deyts C, Vetrivel KS, Das S, Shepherd YM, Dupre DJ, Thinakaran G, Parent AT. Novel GalphaS-Protein Signaling Associated with Membrane-Tethered Amyloid Precursor Protein Intracellular Domain. J Neurosci. 2012; 32: 1714-1729. [PubMed]
    16. Jonsson T, Atwal JK, Steinberg S, Snaedal J, Jonsson PV, Bjornsson S, Stefansson H, Sulem P, Gudbjartsson D, Maloney J, Hoyte K, Gustafson A, Liu Y, et al. A mutation in APP protects against Alzheimer's disease and age-related cognitive decline.
    Nature. 2012; 488: 96-99. [PubMed]
    17. Bredesen DE, John V, Galvan V. Importance of the caspase cleavage site in amyloid-beta protein precursor. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010; 22: 57-63. [PubMed]
    18. Lourenco FC, Galvan V, Fombonne J, Corset V, Llambi F, Muller U, Bredesen DE, Mehlen P. Netrin-1 interacts with amyloid precursor protein and regulates amyloid-beta production. Cell Death Differ. 2009; 16: 655-663. [PubMed]
    19. Obregon D, Hou H, Deng J, Giunta B, Tian J, Darlington D, Shahaduzzaman M, Zhu Y, Mori T, Mattson MP, Tan J. Soluble amyloid precursor protein-alpha modulates beta-secretase activity and amyloid-beta generation. Nature communications. 2012; 3: 777
    20. Lu D, Soriano S, Bredesen D, Koo E. Caspase cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein modulates amyloid beta-protein toxicity. J Neurochem. 2003; 87: 733-741. [PubMed]
    21. Meyer-Luehmann M, Coomaraswamy J, Bolmont T, Kaeser S, Schaefer C, Kilger E, Neuenschwander A, Abramowski D, Frey P, Jaton AL, Vigouret JM, Paganetti P, Walsh DM, et al. Exogenous induction of cerebral beta-amyloidogenesis is governed by agent and
    host. Science. 2006; 313: 1781-1784. [PubMed]
    22. Spilman P, Descamps O, Gorostiza O, Peters-Libeu C, Poksay KS, Matalis A, Campagna J, Patent A, Rao R, John V, Bredesen DE. The multi-functional drug tropisetron binds APP and normalizes cognition in a murine Alzheimer's model. Brain Res. 2014; 1551:
    25-44. [PubMed]
    23. Zhang XY, Liu L, Liu S, Hong X, Chen da C, Xiu MH, Yang FD, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Kosten TA, Kosten TR. Short-term tropisetron treatment and cognitive and P50 auditory gating deficits in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2012; 169: 974-981. [PubMed]
    24. Saganich MJ, Schroeder BE, Galvan V, Bredesen DE, Koo EH, Heinemann SF. Deficits in synaptic transmission and learning in amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice require C-terminal cleavage of APP. J Neurosci. 2006; 26: 13428-13436. [PubMed]
    25. Banwait S, Galvan V, Zhang J, Gorostiza OF, Ataie M, Huang W, Crippen D, Koo EH, Bredesen DE. C-terminal cleavage of the amyloid-beta protein precursor at Asp664: a switch associated with Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2008; 13: 1-16. [PubMed]
    26. Galvan V, Zhang J, Gorostiza OF, Banwait S, Huang W, Ataie M, Tang H, Bredesen DE. Long-term prevention of Alzheimer's disease-like behavioral deficits in PDAPP mice carrying a mutation in Asp664. Behav Brain Res. 2008; 191: 246-255. [PubMed]
    27. Heijer T, Skoog I, Oudkerk M, de Leeuw FE, de Groot JC, Hofman A, Breteler MM. Association between blood pressure levels over time and brain atrophy in the elderly. Neurobiol Aging. 2003; 24: 307-313. [PubMed]
    28. Lan YL, Zhao J, Li S. Update on the Neuroprotective Effect of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Against Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014
    29. Shi C, Zhu X, Wang J, Long D. Estrogen receptor alpha promotes non-amyloidogenic processing of platelet amyloid precursor protein via the MAPK/ERK pathway. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2014; 144PB: 280-285. [PubMed]
    30. Yang Y, Wu Y, Zhang S, Song W. High glucose promotes Abeta production by inhibiting APP degradation. PLoS One. 2013; 8: e69824 [PubMed]
    31. Sutinen EM, Pirttila T, Anderson G, Salminen A, Ojala JO. Pro-inflammatory interleukin-18 increases Alzheimer's disease-associated amyloid-beta production in human neuron-like cells. Journal of neuroinflammation. 2012; 9: 199 [PubMed]
    32. Theendakara V, Patent A, Peters Libeu CA, Philpot B, Flores S, Descamps O, Poksay KS, Zhang Q, Cailing G, Hart M, John V, Rao RV, Bredesen DE. Neuroprotective Sirtuin ratio reversed by ApoE4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013; 110: 18303-18308. [PubMed]
    33. Wade AG, Farmer M, Harari G, Fund N, Laudon M, Nir T, Frydman-Marom A, Zisapel N. Add-on prolonged-release melatonin for cognitive function and sleep in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a 6-month, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter
    trial. Clin Interv Aging. 2014; 9: 947-961. [PubMed]
    34. Cotman CW, Berchtold NC, Christie LA. Exercise builds brain health: key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation. Trends Neurosci. 2007; 30: 464-472. [PubMed]
    35. Silberman A, Banthia R, Estay IS, Kemp C, Studley J, Hareras D, Ornish D. The effectiveness and efficacy of an intensive cardiac rehabilitation program in 24 sites. Am J Health Promot. 2010; 24: 260-266. [PubMed]
    36. Polimeni G, Esposito E, Bevelacqua V, Guarneri C, Cuzzocrea S. Role of melatonin supplementation in neurodegenerative disorders. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2014; 19: 429-446. [PubMed]
    37. Aguiar P, Monteiro L, Feres A, Gomes I, Melo A. Rivastigmine transdermal patch and physical exercises for Alzheimer's disease: a randomized clinical trial. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2014; 11: 532-537. [PubMed]
    38. Smith JC, Nielson KA, Woodard JL, Seidenberg M, Durgerian S, Hazlett KE, Figueroa CM, Kandah CC, Kay CD, Matthews MA, Rao SM. Physical activity reduces hippocampal atrophy in elders at genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease. Frontiers in aging
    neuroscience. 2014; 6: 61 [PubMed]
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    DOWNLOAD PDF
    CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
    Dale E. Bredesen, MD
    dbredesen@mednet.ucla.edu
    KEYWORDS / RELATED PUBLICATIONS
    Alzheimer's dementia mild cognitive impairment neurobehavioral disorders neuroinflammation neurodegeneration systems biology
    TABLE OF CONTENTS
    Abstract
    Introduction
    Results
    Discussion
    In summary
    Acknowledgements
    Conflict of Interests Statement
    References
    Copyright © 2016 Impact Journals, LLC
    Impact Journals is a registered trademark of Impact Journals, LLC


    http://www.aging-us.com/article/NjJf3fWGKw4e99CyC/text

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