Clostridia
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Clostridia
Clostridium botulinum.jpg
Clostridium botulinum
Scientific classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Firmicutes
Class: Clostridia
Rainey 2010
Orders
Clostridiales
Caldicoprobacteraceae
Christensenellaceae
Clostridiaceae
Defluviitaleaceae
Eubacteriaceae
Graciibacteraceae
Heliobacteriaceae
Lachnospiraceae
Oscillospiraceae
Peptococcaceae
Peptostreptococcaceae
Ruminococcaceae
Syntrophomonadaceae
Veillonellaceae
Halanaerobiales
Halanaerobiaceae
Halobacteroidaceae
Natranaerobiales
Natranaerobiaceae
Thermoanaerobacteriales
Thermoanaerobacteraceae
Thermodesulfobiaceae



The Clostridia are a highly polyphyletic class of Firmicutes, including Clostridium and other similar genera. They are distinguished from the Bacilli by lacking aerobic respiration. They are obligate anaerobes and oxygen is toxic to them. Species of the
genus Clostridium are often but not always Gram-positive (see Halanaerobium hydrogenoformans) and have the ability to form spores.[1] Studies show they are not a monophyletic group, and their relationships are not entirely certain. Currently, most are
placed in a single order called Clostridiales, but this is not a natural group and is likely to be redefined in the future.

Most species of the genus Clostridium are saprophytic organisms found in many places in the environment, most notably the soil. However, the genus does contain some human pathogens (outlined below). The toxins produced by certain members of the
Clostridium genus are among the most dangerous known. Examples are tetanus toxin (known as tetanospasmin) produced by C. tetani and botulinum toxin produced by C. botulinum. Some species have been isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis.[2]

Notable species of this class include:

Clostridium perfringens (gangrene, food poisoning)
Clostridium difficile (pseudomembranous colitis)
Clostridium tetani (tetanus)
Clostridium botulinum (botulism)
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Clostridium haemolyticum
Clostridium novyi
Clostridium oedematiens
Heliobacteria and Christensenella are also members of the class Clostridia.

Some of the enzymes produced by this group are used in bioremediation.

Contents

[hide]
1 Epidemiology
2 Phylogeny
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Epidemiology

Since they are commonly found in soils and in microbial flora of humans and animals, Clostridia wounds and infections are found worldwide. Host defenses against the microbe are nearly absent, and very little innate immunity exists, if any. Clostridia can
be diagnosed by recognizing the characteristics of the lesion of the infection along with Gram stains of the tissue and bacterial culture.[1] Although the body does not have adequate defenses alone, this microbe can be controlled with the help of
antibiotics, like penicillin, and tissue debridement for the more severe cases.

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[3] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[4] and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 by The All-Species
Living Tree Project.[5]

Clostridia s.s.

Peptococcaceae 2





Peptococcaceae 1





Heliobacteriaceae



Peptococcaceae 3





Thermincola


Negativicutes

Acidaminococcaceae



Veillonellaceae








Peptococcaceae 4





Dethiobacter alkaliphilus



Natranaerobiaceae






Anaerobranca {Clostridiales Family XIV. Incertae Sedis}




Eubacteriaceae




Garciella nitratireducens




Clostridiaceae 3




Clostridiales Family XI. Incertae Sedis [incl. Anaerosphaera aminiphila]





Eubacterium angustum



Proteiniborus ethanoligenes





Clostridiaceae 4 [incl. various Clostridium ssp.]





Clostridiales Family XII. Incertae Sedis



Clostridiales Family XIII. Incertae Sedis [incl. various Eubacterium spp.]





Clostridiaceae 2 [incl. various Clostridium ssp.]



Peptostreptococcaceae [incl. Clostridiales Family XIX. Incertae Sedis and various Clostridium & Eubacterium spp.]











Clostridiales s.s.


Thermoanaerobacterales Unnamed clade III [incl. Caldicoprobacter]



Clostridiaceae 1 [incl. various Eubacterium spp.]






Gracilibacter thermotolerans



Lutispora thermophila





Ruminococcaceae [incl. Bacteroides cellulosolvens, Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum, Gemmiger formicilis, Oscillibacter valericigenes, Saccharofermentans acetigenes and various Clostridium & Eubacterium spp.]



Lachnospiraceae [incl. Anaerosporobacter mobilis, Desulfotomaculum guttoideum, Fusobacterium naviforme, Lactobacillus rogosae, Lactonifactor longoviformis, various Bacteroides, Clostridium, Eubacterium, & Ruminococcus ssp.]










Unassigned Clostridia s.s.

Catabacteraceae ♠ Lau et al. 2007
Catabacter hongkongensis ♠ Lau et al. 2007
Christensenellaceae Morotomi et al. 2012
Christensenella minuta Morotomi et al. 2012
Defluviitaleaceae Jabari et al. 2012
Defluviitalea saccharophila Jabari et al. 2012
Note:
♠ Strains found at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) but not listed in the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN)

See also

List of bacterial vaginosis microbiota
References

Baron, Samuel (1996). Medical Microbiology (4 ed.). Galveston: Universirt of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.
Africa, Charlene; Nel, Janske; Stemmet, Megan (2014). "Anaerobes and Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnancy: Virulence Factors Contributing to Vaginal Colonisation". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 11 (7): 6979–7000. doi:10.
3390/ijerph110706979. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 4113856Freely accessible. PMID 25014248.
J.P. Euzéby. "Clostridia". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2011-11-17.
Sayers; et al. "Clostridia". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
All-Species Living Tree Project."16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 (full tree)" (PDF). Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
External links

Clostridium cluster reference sequences
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clostridia&oldid=750757970"
Categories: FirmicutesClostridiaBacterial vaginosis
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