[continued from previous message]
average lamb loss rate of 4% (267,000 lambs) and a ewe loss rate of
1.5% (125,000 ewes) to estimate an economic loss of $19 million to
producers from coyote predation in the 17 western states. The reduced
number of sheep and lambs resulted in a higher market price, which
benefited producers by $6 million. The net impact of coyote predation
on sheep producers was a loss of $13 million, and the impact on
consumers was $4 million in additional costs. The General Accounting
Office (GAO 1990) estimated that coyotes in 17 western states killed
sheep and lambs valued at $18 million in 1989. The National
Agricultural Statistical Service (NASS 1991) reported that sheep and
lamb losses to coyotes in the United States were valued at $18.3
million in 1990.
The US Fish and Wildlife Service (1978) reported calf losses between
birth and weaning to coyotes across the United States at 0.4%, with
predation decreasing to nearly zero by weaning time. Dorrance (1982)
reported that coyotes were responsible for 16% of the 1,520 confirmed
predation losses of cattle in Alberta from 1974 to 1978. Coyote
predation on calves caused producers with coyote problems across the
United States to lose an estimated $20 million. However, because of the
greater price flexibility of beef compared with sheep, the reduction in
the number of beef calves marketed (estimated at 0.4%, or 115,000 fewer
calves) resulted in a higher price, which benefited beef producers by
$81 million. The net impact of the reduced supply of beef as a result
of coyote predation was a gain of $61 million to beef producers, but it
cost consumers an additional $98 million in higher prices for beef,
resulting in an overall loss of $37 million. NASS (1992) reported that
cattle and calf losses to coyotes in the United States were valued at
$24.3 million in 1991.
Coyote predation also can cause substantial losses of domestic goats.
In three studies in Texas, where an estimated 1.1 million goats (about
90% of the goats in the United States) are raised (Scrivner et al.
1985), predators were reported to take 18.1% of the adults and 33.9% of
the kids (Pearson 1986). NASS (1991) reported that goat losses to
coyotes in the United States were valued at $5.7 million in 1990.
Pearson (1986) stated that predators, particularly coyotes, accounted
for losses of hundreds of chickens and turkeys in the 14 western
states. In one study, Andelt and Gipson (1979) reported that between
June 4 and August 31, 1976, a mated pair of coyotes apparently killed
268 domestic turkeys in Nebraska valued at $938.
Although the average value of livestock losses to coyotes reflected the
overall impact on producers, it did not reflect the severity of losses
to some individuals. Balser (1964) and Gee et al. (1977) indicated that
coyote predation is much more serious for some producers than others.
Most sheep producers suffer no or minor predator losses, whereas 20% to
25% of the producers suffer losses that are significantly higher than
the average (US Fish Wildl. Serv. 1978). These losses can drive
producers out of business because of low profit margins. Nonfatal
injuries and harassment of livestock by coyotes also can result in
reduced weight gain and subsequent reductions in profit.
Acknowledgments
Much of the information and several of the figures for this chapter
were adapted from the SID Sheep Production Handbook, Predator Damage
Control chapter, published by the American Sheep Industry Association,
Inc. (1990) and various publications authored by
F. R. Henderson, J. S. Green, W. F. Andelt, G. E. Connolly, and D. A.
Wade.
The section on economics of damage and control was adapted from Andelt
(1987).
Figure 1 by Emily Oseas Routman.
Figure 6 adapted from a USDA-APHIS-ADC illustration by Renee Lanik,
University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
For Additional Information
Alberta Agriculture. 1990. Methods of investigating predation of
livestock. Alberta Agric., Crop Prot. Branch, Agdex 684-4. 36 pp.
Andelt, W. F. 1987. Coyote predation. Pages 128-140 in M. Novak, J. A.
Baker, M. E. Obbard, and B. Malloch. Wild furbearer management and
conservation in North America. Ontario Ministry. Nat. Resour.
Andelt, W. F. 1988. Proper use of snares for capturing furbearers.
Colorado State Univ. Coop. Ext. Serv. Pub. 6.517, Fort Collins. 4 pp.
Andelt, W. F., and P. S. Gipson. 1979. Domestic turkey losses to
radio-tagged coyotes. J. Wildl. Manage. 4:673-679.
Balser, D. S. 1964. Management of predator populations with
antifertility agents. J. Wildl. Manage. 28:352-358.
Bateman, J. 1971. Animal traps and trapping. Stackpole Books.
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. 286 pp.
Bekoff, M., ed. 1978. Coyotes: biology, behavior, and management.
Academic Press, New York. 384 pp.
Boggess, E. K., F. R. Henderson, and C. W. Spaeth. 1980. Managing
predator problems: practices and procedures for preventing and reducing
livestock losses. Coop. Ext. Serv. C-620, Kansas State Univ.,
Manhattan. 19 pp.
Connolly, G. 1992a. Sheep and goat losses to predators in the United
States. Proc. Eastern Wildl. Damage Control Conf. 5:75-82.
Connolly, G. 1992b. Coyote damage to livestock and other resources.
Pages 161-169 in A. H. Boer, ed. Proceedings, ecology and management of
the eastern coyote. Univ., New Brunswick, Fredericton.
Connolly, G. E. 1988. M-44 sodium cyanide ejectors in the Animal Damage
Control program, 19761986. Proc. Vertebr. Pest Conf. 13:220-225.
Connolly, G. E. and W. M Longhurst. 1975. The effects of control on
coyote populations -- a simulation model. Univ. California, Coop. Ext.
Serv. Bull. 1872. 37 pp.
deCalesta, D. S. 1983. Building an electric antipredator fence. Pacific
Northwest Ext. Pub. 225. 11 pp.
Dorrance, M. J. 1982. Predation losses of cattle in Alberta. J. Range
Manage. 35:690-692.
Gee, C. K., W. R. Bailey, R. L. Gum, and L. M. Arthur. 1977. Sheep and
lamb losses to predators and other causes in the western United States.
US Dep. Agric., Econ. Res. Serv., Agric. Econ. Rep. 369. 41 pp.
Gee, C. K., D. B. Nielsen and D. M. Stevens. 1977. Factors in the
decline of the western sheep industry. US Dep. Agric., Econ. Res.
Serv., Agric. Econ. Rep. 377. 31 pp.
General Accounting Office (GAO). 1990. Wildlife management effects of
Animal Damage Control program on predators. GAO/RCED-90-149, US General
Account. Office, Washington, DC. 31 pp.
Gier, H. T. 1968. Coyotes in Kansas. Revised. Kansas State Coll. Agric.
Exp. Stn. Bull. 393. 118 pp.
Green, J. S. ed. 1987. Protecting livestock from coyotes: a synopsis of
the research of the Agricultural Research Service. Natl. Tech. Info.
Serv. PB 88 133590/AS. 105 pp.
Green, J. S., and R. A. Woodruff. 1991. Livestock guarding dogs protect
sheep from predators. US Dep. Agric., Agric. Info. Bull. No. 588. 31
pp.
Henderson, F. R. 1986. "How to Call a Coyote," Kansas State Univ.,
Coop. Ext. Serv., Manhattan. Pub. C-400. 4 pp.
Henderson, F. R. 1987. How to trap a coyote. Kansas State. Univ., Coop.
Ext. Serv., Pub. C-660. 12 pp.
Henderson, F. R. 1988. Use of snares for capturing coyotes. CES, Kansas
State Univ., Coop. Ext. Serv. Pub. C-698., Manhattan. 4 pp.
Henderson, F. R., E. K. Boggess, and R. J. Robel. 1977. Understanding
the coyote. Kansas State Univ. Coop. Ext. Serv., Pub. C-578.,
Manhattan. 24 pp.
Hulet, C. V., D. M. Anderson, J. N. Smith, W. L. Shupe, C. A. Taylor,
Jr., and L. W. Murray. 1989. Bonding of goats to sheep and cattle for
protection from predators. Appl. An. Behav. Sci. 22:261-267.
Knowlton, F. F. 1972. Preliminary interpretations of coyote population
mechanics with some management implications. J. Wildl. Manage.
36:369-382.
Linhart, S. B., G. J. Dasch, and F. J. Turkowski. 1981. The steel
leghold trap: techniques for reducing foot injury and increasing
selectivity. Proc. Worldwide Furbearer Conf. 3:1560-1578.
Linhart, S. B., J. D. Roberts, and G. J. Dasch. 1981. Electric fencing
reduces coyote predation on pastured sheep. J. Range Manage.
35:276-281.
Linhart, S. B., R. T. Sterner, G. J. Dasch, and J. W. Theade. 1984.
Efficacy of light and sound stimuli for reducing coyote predation upon
pastured sheep. Prot. Ecol. 6:75-84.
Meduna, R. 1977. Relationship between sheep management and coyote
predation. M.S. Thesis, Kansas State Univ., Manhattan. 140 pp.
National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 1991. Sheep and goat
predator loss. US Dep. Agric., Agric. Statistics Board, Washington, DC.
National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 1992. Cattle and
calves death loss. US Dep Agric., Agric. Statistics Board, Washington,
DC.
Pearson, E. W. 1986. A literature review of livestock losses to
predators in western U.S. US Fish Wildl. Serv. Final Rep., Denver,
Colorado. 20 pp.
Robel, R. J., A. D. Dayton, F. R. Henderson, R. L. Meduna, and C. W.
Spaeth. 1981. Relationships between husbandy methods and sheep losses
to canine predators. J. Wildl. Manage. 45:894-911.
Scrivner, J. H. 1983. The 1080 toxic collar: economics of field use in
Texas. Proc. Western Wildl. Damage Control Conf. 1:201-204.
Scrivner, J. H., D. A. Wade, G. E. Connolly, and L. C. Howard, Jr.
1985. The effects of predation on an Angora goat ranch. Nat. Wool
Grower. 75:10-13.
Shelton, M. 1984. The use of conventional and electric fencing to
reduce coyote predation on sheep and goats. Texas Agric. Exp. Stn. MP
1556. 12 pp.
Till, J. A., and F. F. Knowlton. 1983. Efficacy of denning in
alleviating coyote depredations on domestic sheep. J. Wildl. Manage.
47:1018-1025.
Todd, A. W. and L. B. Keith. 1976. Responses of coyotes to winter
reductions in agricultural carrion. Alberta Wildl. Tech. Bull. 5. 32
pp.
USDA. 1993. Animal Damage Control Program. Supplement to the Draft
Environmental Impact Statement-1992. US Dep. Agric. Washington, DC.
US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1978. Predator damage in the West: a
study of coyote management alternatives. US Fish Wildl. Serv.,
Washington, DC. 168 pp.
Wade, D. A. 1973. Control of damage by coyotes and some other
carnivores. Colorado State Univ., Coop. Ext. Serv. Bull. 482a. 16 pp.
Wade, D. A. 1976. The use of aircraft in predator control. Vertebr.
Pest Conf. Proc. 7:154-160.
Wagner, F. H. 1988. Predator control and the sheep industry: the role
of science in policy formation. Regina Books, Claremont, California.
230 pp.
Walton, M. T., and C. A. Feild. 1989. Use of donkeys to guard sheep and
goats in Texas. Eastern Wildl. Damage Control Conf. 4:87-94.
Young, S. P., and H. T. Jackson. 1951. The clever coyote. The Stackpole
Co., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and the Wildl. Manage. Inst.,
Washington, DC. 411 pp.
Video Tapes
Video tape, VHS. "Livestock Guarding Dogs, Protecting Sheep From
Coyotes." US Dep. Agric., An. Plant Health Inspect. Serv., An. Damage
Control.
Video tape, VHS. "How to Call a Coyote." Kansas State Univ., Coop. Ext.
Serv. Manhattan.
Video tape VHS. "How to Snare a Coyote." Kansas State Univ. Coop. Ext.
Serv., Manhattan.
Video tape, VHS. "A Matter of Perspective." Texas A&M Coop. Ext. Serv.
San Angelo.
Video tape, VHS. "How to Trap a Coyote." Colorado State Univ. Coop.
Ext. Serv., Fort Collins.
Editors
Scott E. Hygnstrom; Robert M. Timm; Gary E. Larson
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF WILDLIFE DAMAGE -- 1994
Cooperative Extension Division Institute of Agriculture and Natural
Resources University of Nebraska -Lincoln
United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service Animal Damage Control
Great Plains Agricultural Council Wildlife Committee
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http://icwdm.org/wildlife/coyotes.asp
13.
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14.
http://icwdm.org/
15.
http://icwdm.org/Publications/WildlifePublications.asp
16.
http://icwdm.org/VendorsService/default1.asp
17.
http://icwdm.org/Education/GeneralEducation.asp
18.
http://icwdm.org/handbook/index.asp
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21.
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