• Coyotes and coyote control and management (4/4)

    From Skeptix@21:1/5 to All on Sat Nov 26 22:55:56 2016
    [continued from previous message]

    average lamb loss rate of 4% (267,000 lambs) and a ewe loss rate of
    1.5% (125,000 ewes) to estimate an economic loss of $19 million to
    producers from coyote predation in the 17 western states. The reduced
    number of sheep and lambs resulted in a higher market price, which
    benefited producers by $6 million. The net impact of coyote predation
    on sheep producers was a loss of $13 million, and the impact on
    consumers was $4 million in additional costs. The General Accounting
    Office (GAO 1990) estimated that coyotes in 17 western states killed
    sheep and lambs valued at $18 million in 1989. The National
    Agricultural Statistical Service (NASS 1991) reported that sheep and
    lamb losses to coyotes in the United States were valued at $18.3
    million in 1990.

    The US Fish and Wildlife Service (1978) reported calf losses between
    birth and weaning to coyotes across the United States at 0.4%, with
    predation decreasing to nearly zero by weaning time. Dorrance (1982)
    reported that coyotes were responsible for 16% of the 1,520 confirmed
    predation losses of cattle in Alberta from 1974 to 1978. Coyote
    predation on calves caused producers with coyote problems across the
    United States to lose an estimated $20 million. However, because of the
    greater price flexibility of beef compared with sheep, the reduction in
    the number of beef calves marketed (estimated at 0.4%, or 115,000 fewer
    calves) resulted in a higher price, which benefited beef producers by
    $81 million. The net impact of the reduced supply of beef as a result
    of coyote predation was a gain of $61 million to beef producers, but it
    cost consumers an additional $98 million in higher prices for beef,
    resulting in an overall loss of $37 million. NASS (1992) reported that
    cattle and calf losses to coyotes in the United States were valued at
    $24.3 million in 1991.

    Coyote predation also can cause substantial losses of domestic goats.
    In three studies in Texas, where an estimated 1.1 million goats (about
    90% of the goats in the United States) are raised (Scrivner et al.
    1985), predators were reported to take 18.1% of the adults and 33.9% of
    the kids (Pearson 1986). NASS (1991) reported that goat losses to
    coyotes in the United States were valued at $5.7 million in 1990.

    Pearson (1986) stated that predators, particularly coyotes, accounted
    for losses of hundreds of chickens and turkeys in the 14 western
    states. In one study, Andelt and Gipson (1979) reported that between
    June 4 and August 31, 1976, a mated pair of coyotes apparently killed
    268 domestic turkeys in Nebraska valued at $938.

    Although the average value of livestock losses to coyotes reflected the
    overall impact on producers, it did not reflect the severity of losses
    to some individuals. Balser (1964) and Gee et al. (1977) indicated that
    coyote predation is much more serious for some producers than others.
    Most sheep producers suffer no or minor predator losses, whereas 20% to
    25% of the producers suffer losses that are significantly higher than
    the average (US Fish Wildl. Serv. 1978). These losses can drive
    producers out of business because of low profit margins. Nonfatal
    injuries and harassment of livestock by coyotes also can result in
    reduced weight gain and subsequent reductions in profit.

    Acknowledgments

    Much of the information and several of the figures for this chapter
    were adapted from the SID Sheep Production Handbook, Predator Damage
    Control chapter, published by the American Sheep Industry Association,
    Inc. (1990) and various publications authored by

    F. R. Henderson, J. S. Green, W. F. Andelt, G. E. Connolly, and D. A.
    Wade.

    The section on economics of damage and control was adapted from Andelt
    (1987).

    Figure 1 by Emily Oseas Routman.

    Figure 6 adapted from a USDA-APHIS-ADC illustration by Renee Lanik,
    University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

    For Additional Information

    Alberta Agriculture. 1990. Methods of investigating predation of
    livestock. Alberta Agric., Crop Prot. Branch, Agdex 684-4. 36 pp.

    Andelt, W. F. 1987. Coyote predation. Pages 128-140 in M. Novak, J. A.
    Baker, M. E. Obbard, and B. Malloch. Wild furbearer management and
    conservation in North America. Ontario Ministry. Nat. Resour.

    Andelt, W. F. 1988. Proper use of snares for capturing furbearers.
    Colorado State Univ. Coop. Ext. Serv. Pub. 6.517, Fort Collins. 4 pp.

    Andelt, W. F., and P. S. Gipson. 1979. Domestic turkey losses to
    radio-tagged coyotes. J. Wildl. Manage. 4:673-679.

    Balser, D. S. 1964. Management of predator populations with
    antifertility agents. J. Wildl. Manage. 28:352-358.

    Bateman, J. 1971. Animal traps and trapping. Stackpole Books.
    Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. 286 pp.

    Bekoff, M., ed. 1978. Coyotes: biology, behavior, and management.
    Academic Press, New York. 384 pp.

    Boggess, E. K., F. R. Henderson, and C. W. Spaeth. 1980. Managing
    predator problems: practices and procedures for preventing and reducing
    livestock losses. Coop. Ext. Serv. C-620, Kansas State Univ.,
    Manhattan. 19 pp.

    Connolly, G. 1992a. Sheep and goat losses to predators in the United
    States. Proc. Eastern Wildl. Damage Control Conf. 5:75-82.

    Connolly, G. 1992b. Coyote damage to livestock and other resources.
    Pages 161-169 in A. H. Boer, ed. Proceedings, ecology and management of
    the eastern coyote. Univ., New Brunswick, Fredericton.

    Connolly, G. E. 1988. M-44 sodium cyanide ejectors in the Animal Damage
    Control program, 19761986. Proc. Vertebr. Pest Conf. 13:220-225.

    Connolly, G. E. and W. M Longhurst. 1975. The effects of control on
    coyote populations -- a simulation model. Univ. California, Coop. Ext.
    Serv. Bull. 1872. 37 pp.

    deCalesta, D. S. 1983. Building an electric antipredator fence. Pacific
    Northwest Ext. Pub. 225. 11 pp.

    Dorrance, M. J. 1982. Predation losses of cattle in Alberta. J. Range
    Manage. 35:690-692.

    Gee, C. K., W. R. Bailey, R. L. Gum, and L. M. Arthur. 1977. Sheep and
    lamb losses to predators and other causes in the western United States.
    US Dep. Agric., Econ. Res. Serv., Agric. Econ. Rep. 369. 41 pp.

    Gee, C. K., D. B. Nielsen and D. M. Stevens. 1977. Factors in the
    decline of the western sheep industry. US Dep. Agric., Econ. Res.
    Serv., Agric. Econ. Rep. 377. 31 pp.

    General Accounting Office (GAO). 1990. Wildlife management effects of
    Animal Damage Control program on predators. GAO/RCED-90-149, US General
    Account. Office, Washington, DC. 31 pp.

    Gier, H. T. 1968. Coyotes in Kansas. Revised. Kansas State Coll. Agric.
    Exp. Stn. Bull. 393. 118 pp.

    Green, J. S. ed. 1987. Protecting livestock from coyotes: a synopsis of
    the research of the Agricultural Research Service. Natl. Tech. Info.
    Serv. PB 88 133590/AS. 105 pp.

    Green, J. S., and R. A. Woodruff. 1991. Livestock guarding dogs protect
    sheep from predators. US Dep. Agric., Agric. Info. Bull. No. 588. 31
    pp.

    Henderson, F. R. 1986. "How to Call a Coyote," Kansas State Univ.,
    Coop. Ext. Serv., Manhattan. Pub. C-400. 4 pp.

    Henderson, F. R. 1987. How to trap a coyote. Kansas State. Univ., Coop.
    Ext. Serv., Pub. C-660. 12 pp.

    Henderson, F. R. 1988. Use of snares for capturing coyotes. CES, Kansas
    State Univ., Coop. Ext. Serv. Pub. C-698., Manhattan. 4 pp.

    Henderson, F. R., E. K. Boggess, and R. J. Robel. 1977. Understanding
    the coyote. Kansas State Univ. Coop. Ext. Serv., Pub. C-578.,
    Manhattan. 24 pp.

    Hulet, C. V., D. M. Anderson, J. N. Smith, W. L. Shupe, C. A. Taylor,
    Jr., and L. W. Murray. 1989. Bonding of goats to sheep and cattle for
    protection from predators. Appl. An. Behav. Sci. 22:261-267.

    Knowlton, F. F. 1972. Preliminary interpretations of coyote population
    mechanics with some management implications. J. Wildl. Manage.
    36:369-382.

    Linhart, S. B., G. J. Dasch, and F. J. Turkowski. 1981. The steel
    leghold trap: techniques for reducing foot injury and increasing
    selectivity. Proc. Worldwide Furbearer Conf. 3:1560-1578.

    Linhart, S. B., J. D. Roberts, and G. J. Dasch. 1981. Electric fencing
    reduces coyote predation on pastured sheep. J. Range Manage.
    35:276-281.

    Linhart, S. B., R. T. Sterner, G. J. Dasch, and J. W. Theade. 1984.
    Efficacy of light and sound stimuli for reducing coyote predation upon
    pastured sheep. Prot. Ecol. 6:75-84.

    Meduna, R. 1977. Relationship between sheep management and coyote
    predation. M.S. Thesis, Kansas State Univ., Manhattan. 140 pp.

    National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 1991. Sheep and goat
    predator loss. US Dep. Agric., Agric. Statistics Board, Washington, DC.

    National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 1992. Cattle and
    calves death loss. US Dep Agric., Agric. Statistics Board, Washington,
    DC.

    Pearson, E. W. 1986. A literature review of livestock losses to
    predators in western U.S. US Fish Wildl. Serv. Final Rep., Denver,
    Colorado. 20 pp.

    Robel, R. J., A. D. Dayton, F. R. Henderson, R. L. Meduna, and C. W.
    Spaeth. 1981. Relationships between husbandy methods and sheep losses
    to canine predators. J. Wildl. Manage. 45:894-911.

    Scrivner, J. H. 1983. The 1080 toxic collar: economics of field use in
    Texas. Proc. Western Wildl. Damage Control Conf. 1:201-204.

    Scrivner, J. H., D. A. Wade, G. E. Connolly, and L. C. Howard, Jr.
    1985. The effects of predation on an Angora goat ranch. Nat. Wool
    Grower. 75:10-13.

    Shelton, M. 1984. The use of conventional and electric fencing to
    reduce coyote predation on sheep and goats. Texas Agric. Exp. Stn. MP
    1556. 12 pp.

    Till, J. A., and F. F. Knowlton. 1983. Efficacy of denning in
    alleviating coyote depredations on domestic sheep. J. Wildl. Manage.
    47:1018-1025.

    Todd, A. W. and L. B. Keith. 1976. Responses of coyotes to winter
    reductions in agricultural carrion. Alberta Wildl. Tech. Bull. 5. 32
    pp.

    USDA. 1993. Animal Damage Control Program. Supplement to the Draft
    Environmental Impact Statement-1992. US Dep. Agric. Washington, DC.

    US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1978. Predator damage in the West: a
    study of coyote management alternatives. US Fish Wildl. Serv.,
    Washington, DC. 168 pp.

    Wade, D. A. 1973. Control of damage by coyotes and some other
    carnivores. Colorado State Univ., Coop. Ext. Serv. Bull. 482a. 16 pp.

    Wade, D. A. 1976. The use of aircraft in predator control. Vertebr.
    Pest Conf. Proc. 7:154-160.

    Wagner, F. H. 1988. Predator control and the sheep industry: the role
    of science in policy formation. Regina Books, Claremont, California.
    230 pp.

    Walton, M. T., and C. A. Feild. 1989. Use of donkeys to guard sheep and
    goats in Texas. Eastern Wildl. Damage Control Conf. 4:87-94.

    Young, S. P., and H. T. Jackson. 1951. The clever coyote. The Stackpole
    Co., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and the Wildl. Manage. Inst.,
    Washington, DC. 411 pp.

    Video Tapes

    Video tape, VHS. "Livestock Guarding Dogs, Protecting Sheep From
    Coyotes." US Dep. Agric., An. Plant Health Inspect. Serv., An. Damage
    Control.

    Video tape, VHS. "How to Call a Coyote." Kansas State Univ., Coop. Ext.
    Serv. Manhattan.

    Video tape VHS. "How to Snare a Coyote." Kansas State Univ. Coop. Ext.
    Serv., Manhattan.

    Video tape, VHS. "A Matter of Perspective." Texas A&M Coop. Ext. Serv.
    San Angelo.

    Video tape, VHS. "How to Trap a Coyote." Colorado State Univ. Coop.
    Ext. Serv., Fort Collins.

    Editors

    Scott E. Hygnstrom; Robert M. Timm; Gary E. Larson

    PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF WILDLIFE DAMAGE -- 1994

    Cooperative Extension Division Institute of Agriculture and Natural
    Resources University of Nebraska -Lincoln

    United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health
    Inspection Service Animal Damage Control

    Great Plains Agricultural Council Wildlife Committee

    [14]Home | [15]Publications | [16]Service Vendors | [17]Education |
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    References

    1. LYNXIMGMAP:http://icwdm.org/handbook/carnivor/Coyotes.asp#FPMap10
    2. http://icwdm.org/
    3. http://icwdm.org/credits/AskTheExpert.aspx
    4. http://icwdm.org/handbook/credits/AskTheExpert.aspx
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    6. http://icwdm.org/handbook/Store/Index.aspx
    7. http://icwdm.org/credits/About.aspx
    8. http://icwdm.org/credits/FAQ.aspx
    9. http://icwdm.org/credits/TermsofUse.aspx
    10. http://icwdm.org/Podcasts/Default.aspx
    11. http://icwdm.org/Podcasts/default.asp
    12. http://icwdm.org/wildlife/coyotes.asp
    13. http://icwdm.org/wildlife/coyotes.asp
    14. http://icwdm.org/
    15. http://icwdm.org/Publications/WildlifePublications.asp
    16. http://icwdm.org/VendorsService/default1.asp
    17. http://icwdm.org/Education/GeneralEducation.asp
    18. http://icwdm.org/handbook/index.asp
    19. http://icwdm.org/Agencies/default.asp
    20. http://icwdm.org/handbook/credits/store.asp
    21. http://icwdm.org/handbook/credits/termsofuse.asp
    22. mailto:svantassel2@unl.edu?subject=Report%20an%20Error
    23. http://icwdm.org/handbook/confidentiality_statement.asp
    24. http://icwdm.org/credits/about.asp

    [USEMAP]
    http://icwdm.org/handbook/carnivor/Coyotes.asp#FPMap10
    1. http://www.cornell.edu/
    2. http://www.clemson.edu/
    3. http://www.unl.edu/
    4. http://www.usu.edu/

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  • From Skeptix@21:1/5 to All on Sat Nov 26 22:55:56 2016
    [continued from previous message]

    average lamb loss rate of 4% (267,000 lambs) and a ewe loss rate of
    1.5% (125,000 ewes) to estimate an economic loss of $19 million to
    producers from coyote predation in the 17 western states. The reduced
    number of sheep and lambs resulted in a higher market price, which
    benefited producers by $6 million. The net impact of coyote predation
    on sheep producers was a loss of $13 million, and the impact on
    consumers was $4 million in additional costs. The General Accounting
    Office (GAO 1990) estimated that coyotes in 17 western states killed
    sheep and lambs valued at $18 million in 1989. The National
    Agricultural Statistical Service (NASS 1991) reported that sheep and
    lamb losses to coyotes in the United States were valued at $18.3
    million in 1990.

    The US Fish and Wildlife Service (1978) reported calf losses between
    birth and weaning to coyotes across the United States at 0.4%, with
    predation decreasing to nearly zero by weaning time. Dorrance (1982)
    reported that coyotes were responsible for 16% of the 1,520 confirmed
    predation losses of cattle in Alberta from 1974 to 1978. Coyote
    predation on calves caused producers with coyote problems across the
    United States to lose an estimated $20 million. However, because of the
    greater price flexibility of beef compared with sheep, the reduction in
    the number of beef calves marketed (estimated at 0.4%, or 115,000 fewer
    calves) resulted in a higher price, which benefited beef producers by
    $81 million. The net impact of the reduced supply of beef as a result
    of coyote predation was a gain of $61 million to beef producers, but it
    cost consumers an additional $98 million in higher prices for beef,
    resulting in an overall loss of $37 million. NASS (1992) reported that
    cattle and calf losses to coyotes in the United States were valued at
    $24.3 million in 1991.

    Coyote predation also can cause substantial losses of domestic goats.
    In three studies in Texas, where an estimated 1.1 million goats (about
    90% of the goats in the United States) are raised (Scrivner et al.
    1985), predators were reported to take 18.1% of the adults and 33.9% of
    the kids (Pearson 1986). NASS (1991) reported that goat losses to
    coyotes in the United States were valued at $5.7 million in 1990.

    Pearson (1986) stated that predators, particularly coyotes, accounted
    for losses of hundreds of chickens and turkeys in the 14 western
    states. In one study, Andelt and Gipson (1979) reported that between
    June 4 and August 31, 1976, a mated pair of coyotes apparently killed
    268 domestic turkeys in Nebraska valued at $938.

    Although the average value of livestock losses to coyotes reflected the
    overall impact on producers, it did not reflect the severity of losses
    to some individuals. Balser (1964) and Gee et al. (1977) indicated that
    coyote predation is much more serious for some producers than others.
    Most sheep producers suffer no or minor predator losses, whereas 20% to
    25% of the producers suffer losses that are significantly higher than
    the average (US Fish Wildl. Serv. 1978). These losses can drive
    producers out of business because of low profit margins. Nonfatal
    injuries and harassment of livestock by coyotes also can result in
    reduced weight gain and subsequent reductions in profit.

    Acknowledgments

    Much of the information and several of the figures for this chapter
    were adapted from the SID Sheep Production Handbook, Predator Damage
    Control chapter, published by the American Sheep Industry Association,
    Inc. (1990) and various publications authored by

    F. R. Henderson, J. S. Green, W. F. Andelt, G. E. Connolly, and D. A.
    Wade.

    The section on economics of damage and control was adapted from Andelt
    (1987).

    Figure 1 by Emily Oseas Routman.

    Figure 6 adapted from a USDA-APHIS-ADC illustration by Renee Lanik,
    University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

    For Additional Information

    Alberta Agriculture. 1990. Methods of investigating predation of
    livestock. Alberta Agric., Crop Prot. Branch, Agdex 684-4. 36 pp.

    Andelt, W. F. 1987. Coyote predation. Pages 128-140 in M. Novak, J. A.
    Baker, M. E. Obbard, and B. Malloch. Wild furbearer management and
    conservation in North America. Ontario Ministry. Nat. Resour.

    Andelt, W. F. 1988. Proper use of snares for capturing furbearers.
    Colorado State Univ. Coop. Ext. Serv. Pub. 6.517, Fort Collins. 4 pp.

    Andelt, W. F., and P. S. Gipson. 1979. Domestic turkey losses to
    radio-tagged coyotes. J. Wildl. Manage. 4:673-679.

    Balser, D. S. 1964. Management of predator populations with
    antifertility agents. J. Wildl. Manage. 28:352-358.

    Bateman, J. 1971. Animal traps and trapping. Stackpole Books.
    Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. 286 pp.

    Bekoff, M., ed. 1978. Coyotes: biology, behavior, and management.
    Academic Press, New York. 384 pp.

    Boggess, E. K., F. R. Henderson, and C. W. Spaeth. 1980. Managing
    predator problems: practices and procedures for preventing and reducing
    livestock losses. Coop. Ext. Serv. C-620, Kansas State Univ.,
    Manhattan. 19 pp.

    Connolly, G. 1992a. Sheep and goat losses to predators in the United
    States. Proc. Eastern Wildl. Damage Control Conf. 5:75-82.

    Connolly, G. 1992b. Coyote damage to livestock and other resources.
    Pages 161-169 in A. H. Boer, ed. Proceedings, ecology and management of
    the eastern coyote. Univ., New Brunswick, Fredericton.

    Connolly, G. E. 1988. M-44 sodium cyanide ejectors in the Animal Damage
    Control program, 19761986. Proc. Vertebr. Pest Conf. 13:220-225.

    Connolly, G. E. and W. M Longhurst. 1975. The effects of control on
    coyote populations -- a simulation model. Univ. California, Coop. Ext.
    Serv. Bull. 1872. 37 pp.

    deCalesta, D. S. 1983. Building an electric antipredator fence. Pacific
    Northwest Ext. Pub. 225. 11 pp.

    Dorrance, M. J. 1982. Predation losses of cattle in Alberta. J. Range
    Manage. 35:690-692.

    Gee, C. K., W. R. Bailey, R. L. Gum, and L. M. Arthur. 1977. Sheep and
    lamb losses to predators and other causes in the western United States.
    US Dep. Agric., Econ. Res. Serv., Agric. Econ. Rep. 369. 41 pp.

    Gee, C. K., D. B. Nielsen and D. M. Stevens. 1977. Factors in the
    decline of the western sheep industry. US Dep. Agric., Econ. Res.
    Serv., Agric. Econ. Rep. 377. 31 pp.

    General Accounting Office (GAO). 1990. Wildlife management effects of
    Animal Damage Control program on predators. GAO/RCED-90-149, US General
    Account. Office, Washington, DC. 31 pp.

    Gier, H. T. 1968. Coyotes in Kansas. Revised. Kansas State Coll. Agric.
    Exp. Stn. Bull. 393. 118 pp.

    Green, J. S. ed. 1987. Protecting livestock from coyotes: a synopsis of
    the research of the Agricultural Research Service. Natl. Tech. Info.
    Serv. PB 88 133590/AS. 105 pp.

    Green, J. S., and R. A. Woodruff. 1991. Livestock guarding dogs protect
    sheep from predators. US Dep. Agric., Agric. Info. Bull. No. 588. 31
    pp.

    Henderson, F. R. 1986. "How to Call a Coyote," Kansas State Univ.,
    Coop. Ext. Serv., Manhattan. Pub. C-400. 4 pp.

    Henderson, F. R. 1987. How to trap a coyote. Kansas State. Univ., Coop.
    Ext. Serv., Pub. C-660. 12 pp.

    Henderson, F. R. 1988. Use of snares for capturing coyotes. CES, Kansas
    State Univ., Coop. Ext. Serv. Pub. C-698., Manhattan. 4 pp.

    Henderson, F. R., E. K. Boggess, and R. J. Robel. 1977. Understanding
    the coyote. Kansas State Univ. Coop. Ext. Serv., Pub. C-578.,
    Manhattan. 24 pp.

    Hulet, C. V., D. M. Anderson, J. N. Smith, W. L. Shupe, C. A. Taylor,
    Jr., and L. W. Murray. 1989. Bonding of goats to sheep and cattle for
    protection from predators. Appl. An. Behav. Sci. 22:261-267.

    Knowlton, F. F. 1972. Preliminary interpretations of coyote population
    mechanics with some management implications. J. Wildl. Manage.
    36:369-382.

    Linhart, S. B., G. J. Dasch, and F. J. Turkowski. 1981. The steel
    leghold trap: techniques for reducing foot injury and increasing
    selectivity. Proc. Worldwide Furbearer Conf. 3:1560-1578.

    Linhart, S. B., J. D. Roberts, and G. J. Dasch. 1981. Electric fencing
    reduces coyote predation on pastured sheep. J. Range Manage.
    35:276-281.

    Linhart, S. B., R. T. Sterner, G. J. Dasch, and J. W. Theade. 1984.
    Efficacy of light and sound stimuli for reducing coyote predation upon
    pastured sheep. Prot. Ecol. 6:75-84.

    Meduna, R. 1977. Relationship between sheep management and coyote
    predation. M.S. Thesis, Kansas State Univ., Manhattan. 140 pp.

    National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 1991. Sheep and goat
    predator loss. US Dep. Agric., Agric. Statistics Board, Washington, DC.

    National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 1992. Cattle and
    calves death loss. US Dep Agric., Agric. Statistics Board, Washington,
    DC.

    Pearson, E. W. 1986. A literature review of livestock losses to
    predators in western U.S. US Fish Wildl. Serv. Final Rep., Denver,
    Colorado. 20 pp.

    Robel, R. J., A. D. Dayton, F. R. Henderson, R. L. Meduna, and C. W.
    Spaeth. 1981. Relationships between husbandy methods and sheep losses
    to canine predators. J. Wildl. Manage. 45:894-911.

    Scrivner, J. H. 1983. The 1080 toxic collar: economics of field use in
    Texas. Proc. Western Wildl. Damage Control Conf. 1:201-204.

    Scrivner, J. H., D. A. Wade, G. E. Connolly, and L. C. Howard, Jr.
    1985. The effects of predation on an Angora goat ranch. Nat. Wool
    Grower. 75:10-13.

    Shelton, M. 1984. The use of conventional and electric fencing to
    reduce coyote predation on sheep and goats. Texas Agric. Exp. Stn. MP
    1556. 12 pp.

    Till, J. A., and F. F. Knowlton. 1983. Efficacy of denning in
    alleviating coyote depredations on domestic sheep. J. Wildl. Manage.
    47:1018-1025.

    Todd, A. W. and L. B. Keith. 1976. Responses of coyotes to winter
    reductions in agricultural carrion. Alberta Wildl. Tech. Bull. 5. 32
    pp.

    USDA. 1993. Animal Damage Control Program. Supplement to the Draft
    Environmental Impact Statement-1992. US Dep. Agric. Washington, DC.

    US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1978. Predator damage in the West: a
    study of coyote management alternatives. US Fish Wildl. Serv.,
    Washington, DC. 168 pp.

    Wade, D. A. 1973. Control of damage by coyotes and some other
    carnivores. Colorado State Univ., Coop. Ext. Serv. Bull. 482a. 16 pp.

    Wade, D. A. 1976. The use of aircraft in predator control. Vertebr.
    Pest Conf. Proc. 7:154-160.

    Wagner, F. H. 1988. Predator control and the sheep industry: the role
    of science in policy formation. Regina Books, Claremont, California.
    230 pp.

    Walton, M. T., and C. A. Feild. 1989. Use of donkeys to guard sheep and
    goats in Texas. Eastern Wildl. Damage Control Conf. 4:87-94.

    Young, S. P., and H. T. Jackson. 1951. The clever coyote. The Stackpole
    Co., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and the Wildl. Manage. Inst.,
    Washington, DC. 411 pp.

    Video Tapes

    Video tape, VHS. "Livestock Guarding Dogs, Protecting Sheep From
    Coyotes." US Dep. Agric., An. Plant Health Inspect. Serv., An. Damage
    Control.

    Video tape, VHS. "How to Call a Coyote." Kansas State Univ., Coop. Ext.
    Serv. Manhattan.

    Video tape VHS. "How to Snare a Coyote." Kansas State Univ. Coop. Ext.
    Serv., Manhattan.

    Video tape, VHS. "A Matter of Perspective." Texas A&M Coop. Ext. Serv.
    San Angelo.

    Video tape, VHS. "How to Trap a Coyote." Colorado State Univ. Coop.
    Ext. Serv., Fort Collins.

    Editors

    Scott E. Hygnstrom; Robert M. Timm; Gary E. Larson

    PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF WILDLIFE DAMAGE -- 1994

    Cooperative Extension Division Institute of Agriculture and Natural
    Resources University of Nebraska -Lincoln

    United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health
    Inspection Service Animal Damage Control

    Great Plains Agricultural Council Wildlife Committee

    [14]Home | [15]Publications | [16]Service Vendors | [17]Education |
    [18]Solutions | [19]Agencies | [20]Store

    (c) 2005[21] Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management
    [22]Report an Error | [23]Policies | [24]Credits |

    References

    1. LYNXIMGMAP:http://icwdm.org/handbook/carnivor/Coyotes.asp#FPMap10
    2. http://icwdm.org/
    3. http://icwdm.org/credits/AskTheExpert.aspx
    4. http://icwdm.org/handbook/credits/AskTheExpert.aspx
    5. http://icwdm.org/credits/site_map.asp
    6. http://icwdm.org/handbook/Store/Index.aspx
    7. http://icwdm.org/credits/About.aspx
    8. http://icwdm.org/credits/FAQ.aspx
    9. http://icwdm.org/credits/TermsofUse.aspx
    10. http://icwdm.org/Podcasts/Default.aspx
    11. http://icwdm.org/Podcasts/default.asp
    12. http://icwdm.org/wildlife/coyotes.asp
    13. http://icwdm.org/wildlife/coyotes.asp
    14. http://icwdm.org/
    15. http://icwdm.org/Publications/WildlifePublications.asp
    16. http://icwdm.org/VendorsService/default1.asp
    17. http://icwdm.org/Education/GeneralEducation.asp
    18. http://icwdm.org/handbook/index.asp
    19. http://icwdm.org/Agencies/default.asp
    20. http://icwdm.org/handbook/credits/store.asp
    21. http://icwdm.org/handbook/credits/termsofuse.asp
    22. mailto:svantassel2@unl.edu?subject=Report%20an%20Error
    23. http://icwdm.org/handbook/confidentiality_statement.asp
    24. http://icwdm.org/credits/about.asp

    [USEMAP]
    http://icwdm.org/handbook/carnivor/Coyotes.asp#FPMap10
    1. http://www.cornell.edu/
    2. http://www.clemson.edu/
    3. http://www.unl.edu/
    4. http://www.usu.edu/

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    Skeptix mailing list
    Skeptix@lists.opn.org http://lists.opn.org/mailman/listinfo/skeptix_lists.opn.org

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