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Monarchs are in decline across North America. With milkweed loss in the
east identified as a major contributing factor to this decline, the
national call to action has understandably focused primarily on planting milkweeds, which are the required host plants for monarch caterpillars. Yet while restoring the millions of milkweed plants that have been lost is certainly an important strategy, monarchs need more than milkweed to
support them throughout the year. Adult monarchs need nectar to fuel them during spring migration and breeding and to build up stores of fat which sustain them during fall migration and winter.

There are many sources of information about which species of native
milkweeds are best for your region, but information on which nectar plants
are best for monarchs has not been available for large areas of the
U.S. Working with the Monarch Joint Venture and the National Wildlife Federation, the Xerces Society has created a series of nectar plant lists
for the continental U.S. based on a database of nearly 24,000 monarch
nectaring observations. Each of the 15 regional guides highlights species
that are commercially available, are native to and widely found in the
region, and are known to be hardy or relatively easy to grow in a garden setting.

Read more about this project on our blog <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.xerces.org_blog_to-2Dsave-2Dmonarchs-2Dwe-2Dneed-2Dmore-2Dthan-2Djust-2Dmilkweed_&d=CwIBaQ&c=-dg2m7zWuuDZ0MUcV7Sdqw&r=tVAKMFPe3UCcsMWUFXo0FeX0xe1JUAj77B74DAI3DKI&m=piomhAJE5RVZNQKaM-oFESSprC7Z4Ra-
dlxjxw4hzE0&s=uQJ-XAu2l2jgYTZs06mQQQoazr2uyXAkLfJ_ajCupNs&e= >,
or find a nectar plant guide for your region here <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.xerces.org_monarch-2Dnectar-2Dplants_&d=CwIBaQ&c=-dg2m7zWuuDZ0MUcV7Sdqw&r=tVAKMFPe3UCcsMWUFXo0FeX0xe1JUAj77B74DAI3DKI&m=piomhAJE5RVZNQKaM-oFESSprC7Z4Ra-dlxjxw4hzE0&s=
i7BMwySOpFHVGqAKDJr2NruGvWNF27cYZAeY0TUW48E&e= >. These plant lists are works-in-progress and benefit from your help. You can submit additional
monarch nectaring observations via our online survey <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__docs.google.com_forms_d_e_1FAIpQLSfC85E-2DbtqsGSrt16TSAogICzLV2PvOlrID-2Dun-2Dm0jWJpJQkA_viewform-3Fc-3D0-26w-3D1&d=CwIBaQ&c=-dg2m7zWuuDZ0MUcV7Sdqw&r=tVAKMFPe3UCcsMWUFXo0FeX0xe1JUAj77B74DAI3DKI&m=
piomhAJE5RVZNQKaM-oFESSprC7Z4Ra-dlxjxw4hzE0&s=qzWWSFpzLcetGLt6cdYpNALj9V3hkoYpoOIk0slU_kU&e= >.
We are grateful to the many different researchers and monarch enthusiasts across the country who have already contributed to our database - thank you!

--

*Candace Fallon*

Senior Conservation Biologist

Endangered Species Program





*Protecting the Life that Sustains Us*


628 NE Broadway, Suite 200, Portland, OR, 97232 USA

Tel: (503) 232-6639 ext. 118 | Fax: (503) 233-6794



*xerces.org* <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.xerces.org_&d=CwIBaQ&c=-dg2m7zWuuDZ0MUcV7Sdqw&r=tVAKMFPe3UCcsMWUFXo0FeX0xe1JUAj77B74DAI3DKI&m=piomhAJE5RVZNQKaM-oFESSprC7Z4Ra-dlxjxw4hzE0&s=BtayLqADGJVUdbbaEu6kMKgYG_yeenP2KeXQQoN5sd8&
e= > *Facebook* <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.facebook.com_pages_The-2DXerces-2DSociety_193182577358618&d=CwIBaQ&c=-dg2m7zWuuDZ0MUcV7Sdqw&r=tVAKMFPe3UCcsMWUFXo0FeX0xe1JUAj77B74DAI3DKI&m=piomhAJE5RVZNQKaM-oFESSprC7Z4Ra-dlxjxw4hzE0&s=
ZLYEz7zVvhB13YtCcHtJ89hQ1urERgu1RbjNcWvhI8U&e= >
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Candace Fallon wrote:

Monarchs are in decline across North America. With milkweed
loss in the east identified as a major contributing factor to this
decline, Yet while restoring the millions of milkweed plants that
have been lost is certainly an important strategy, monarchs
need nectar to fuel them during spring migration and breeding and to
build up stores of fat which sustain them during fall migration and winter.

Important strategy to accomplish what? Stabilize the milkweed plant &
monarch population decline? Reverse the decline? Xerces doesn’t
specify, but instead talks in vague quantitative generalities like the
effort will “help save the monarch migration”.

An inconvenient truth is it's not ever going to be logistically feasible
for monarch enthusiasts or scientists to conduct “annual milkweed
and nectar plant patch/stem counts" on even a County, let alone
Statewide, scale to obtain baseline plant stem abundance data.
So because baseline abundance data will never be obtainable
it will likewise never be possible for Xerces to tell us whether
the number of milkweed & nectar plant patches/stems is actually
increasing over time.

Paul Cherubini
El Dorado, Calif.
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<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><br class=""></
span><div><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">Candace Fallon wrote:</span></div><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></span><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><
div class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" class=""><span class="" style="font-size: 14px;">Monarchs are in decline across North America. With milkweed</span></font></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">
<div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" class=""><span class="">loss in the east identified&nbsp;</span></font><span class="" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;
">as a major contributing factor to this</span></span></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><span class="" style="font-family: arial,
helvetica, sans-serif;">decline, </span><span class="" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Yet while restoring the millions of milkweed&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;" class="">plants that </span></span>
</div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" class="">have been lost is certainly an important strategy,
monarchs&nbsp;</span></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(
255, 255, 255);" class="">need nectar to fuel them&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">during spring migration and breeding and to</span></span></div></div></div></blockquote>
<blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""> build up stores of fat
which&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">sustain them during fall migration and winter.</span></span></div></div></div></blockquote><div><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=
""><br class=""></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">Important strategy to accomplish what? &nbsp;Stabilize the milkweed plant &amp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">monarch population decline? Reverse the
decline? &nbsp;&nbsp;Xerces doesn’t&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">specify,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">but instead talks in vague&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">quantitative
generalities like the&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">effort will “help&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">save the monarch&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">migration”.&nbsp;</span></

<div><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">An inconvenient truth is it's not ever going to be logistically feasible&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""

for monarch&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">enthusiasts or&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">scientists to conduct “annual milkweed&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">and nectar&nbsp;</

span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">plant patch/stem&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">counts" on even a County, let alone&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">Statewide,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-
size: 14px;" class="">scale to obtain baseline&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">plant stem abundance data.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(55, 55, 55); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);" class="">&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(55, 55, 55); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);" class="">So because&nbsp;</
span><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(55, 55, 55); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);" class="">baseline abundance&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(55, 55, 55);
font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);" class="">data will never be obtainable&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(55, 55, 55); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',
Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);" class="">it will likewise&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(55, 55, 55); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(246, 246,
246);" class="">never be possible&nbsp;</span><span style="background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);" class=""><font color="#373737" face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">for Xerces&nbsp;</span></
font></span><span style="color: rgb(55, 55, 55); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);" class="">to tell us&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(55, 55, 55);
font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);" class="">whether</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(55, 55, 55); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);" class="">the&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(55, 55, 55); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);" class="">number of&nbsp;</span><span
style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(55, 55, 55); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);" class="">milkweed &amp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(55, 55, 55); font-family: '
Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);" class="">nectar&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(55, 55, 55); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(246,
246, 246);" class="">plant patches/stems&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(55, 55, 55); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);" class="">is actually&nbsp;</span></div><div><
span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(55, 55, 55); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);" class="">increasing&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(55, 55, 55); font-family: '
Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);" class="">over&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(55, 55, 55); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(246,
246, 246);" class="">time. &nbsp;</span></div><div><br class=""></div><div><font color="#373737" face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" class=""><span style="font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);" class="">Paul Cherubini</
span></font></div><div><font color="#373737" face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" class=""><span style="font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);" class="">El Dorado, Calif.</span></font></div></div></body></html>
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Sounds to me like Candace that your organization is doing a good job. I hope the migrant Monarch population in the East is going to survive the next 50 years. There is a very significant chance they will not due to Human interference and that saddens me
greatly.


Roger Kuhlman

Ann Arbor, Michigan


2016 was not a great Monarch year in southeast Michigan.


________________________________
From: leps-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu <leps-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu> on behalf of Candace Fallon <candace.fallon@xerces.org>
Sent: Wednesday, December 7, 2016 3:29 PM
To: leps-l@mailman.yale.edu
Subject: [Leps-l] New Regional Monarch Nectar Plant Guides Now Available

Monarchs are in decline across North America. With milkweed loss in the east identified as a major contributing factor to this decline, the national call to action has understandably focused primarily on planting milkweeds, which are the required host
plants for monarch caterpillars. Yet while restoring the millions of milkweed plants that have been lost is certainly an important strategy, monarchs need more than milkweed to support them throughout the year. Adult monarchs need nectar to fuel them
during spring migration and breeding and to build up stores of fat which sustain them during fall migration and winter.

There are many sources of information about which species of native milkweeds are best for your region, but information on which nectar plants are best for monarchs has not been available for large areas of the U.S. Working with the Monarch Joint Venture
and the National Wildlife Federation, the Xerces Society has created a series of nectar plant lists for the continental U.S. based on a database of nearly 24,000 monarch nectaring observations. Each of the 15 regional guides highlights species that are
commercially available, are native to and widely found in the region, and are known to be hardy or relatively easy to grow in a garden setting.

Read more about this project on our blog<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.xerces.org_blog_to-2Dsave-2Dmonarchs-2Dwe-2Dneed-2Dmore-2Dthan-2Djust-2Dmilkweed_&d=CwMFaQ&c=-dg2m7zWuuDZ0MUcV7Sdqw&r=
tVAKMFPe3UCcsMWUFXo0FeX0xe1JUAj77B74DAI3DKI&m=piomhAJE5RVZNQKaM-oFESSprC7Z4Ra-dlxjxw4hzE0&s=uQJ-XAu2l2jgYTZs06mQQQoazr2uyXAkLfJ_ajCupNs&e=>, or find a nectar plant guide for your region here<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.xerces.
org_monarch-2Dnectar-2Dplants_&d=CwMFaQ&c=-dg2m7zWuuDZ0MUcV7Sdqw&r=tVAKMFPe3UCcsMWUFXo0FeX0xe1JUAj77B74DAI3DKI&m=piomhAJE5RVZNQKaM-oFESSprC7Z4Ra-dlxjxw4hzE0&s=i7BMwySOpFHVGqAKDJr2NruGvWNF27cYZAeY0TUW48E&e=>. These plant lists are works-in-progress and
benefit from your help. You can submit additional monarch nectaring observations via our online survey<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__docs.google.com_forms_d_e_1FAIpQLSfC85E-2DbtqsGSrt16TSAogICzLV2PvOlrID-2Dun-2Dm0jWJpJQkA_viewform-
3Fc-3D0-26w-3D1&d=CwMFaQ&c=-dg2m7zWuuDZ0MUcV7Sdqw&r=tVAKMFPe3UCcsMWUFXo0FeX0xe1JUAj77B74DAI3DKI&m=piomhAJE5RVZNQKaM-oFESSprC7Z4Ra-dlxjxw4hzE0&s=qzWWSFpzLcetGLt6cdYpNALj9V3hkoYpoOIk0slU_kU&e=>. We are grateful to the many different researchers and monarch
enthusiasts across the country who have already contributed to our database - thank you!

--

Candace Fallon

Senior Conservation Biologist

Endangered Species Program


[https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__docs.google.com_a_xerces.org_uc-3Fid-3D0Bx1WNNjAOrmNRHFRbF9EZFZaSnROY1k1ZGE3WUtnN1VRVFo4-26export-3Ddownload&d=CwIFAw&c=-dg2m7zWuuDZ0MUcV7Sdqw&r=tVAKMFPe3UCcsMWUFXo0FeX0xe1JUAj77B74DAI3DKI&m=
jpS2maSERTRWeUJwBRWZXrmH6QGP7XGt2OzbKhUGyW0&s=DPNq0UBnax4gFRvbCGwqu4zay7in7eAS7er62xy8U4c&e= ]



Protecting the Life that Sustains Us


628 NE Broadway, Suite 200, Portland, OR, 97232 USA

Tel: (503) 232-6639 ext. 118 | Fax: (503) 233-6794



xerces.org<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.xerces.org_&d=CwMFaQ&c=-dg2m7zWuuDZ0MUcV7Sdqw&r=tVAKMFPe3UCcsMWUFXo0FeX0xe1JUAj77B74DAI3DKI&m=piomhAJE5RVZNQKaM-oFESSprC7Z4Ra-dlxjxw4hzE0&s=BtayLqADGJVUdbbaEu6kMKgYG_yeenP2KeXQQoN5sd8&e=>
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<p>Sounds to me like Candace that your organization is doing a good job. I hope the migrant Monarch population in the East is going to survive the next 50 years. There is a very significant chance they will not due to Human interference and that saddens
me
greatly.</p>
<p><br>

<p>Roger Kuhlman</p>
<p>Ann Arbor, Michigan</p>
<p><br>

<p>2016 was not a great Monarch year in southeast Michigan.<br>



<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<hr tabindex="-1" style="display:inline-block; width:98%">
<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font style="font-size:11pt" color="#000000" face="Calibri, sans-serif"><b>From:</b> leps-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu &lt;leps-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu&gt; on behalf of Candace Fallon &lt;candace.fallon@xerces.org&gt;<

<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, December 7, 2016 3:29 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> leps-l@mailman.yale.edu<br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Leps-l] New Regional Monarch Nectar Plant Guides Now Available</font>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
</div>
<div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div style="font-size:12.8px"><font color="#000000" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.8px">Monarchs are in decline across North America. With milkweed loss in the east identified as a major contributing factor to this decline,
the
national call to action has understandably focused primarily on planting milkweeds, which are the required host plants for monarch caterpillars.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size:13px">Yet while restoring the millions of milkweed plants that have been
lost is
certainly an important strategy, monarchs need more than milkweed to support them throughout the year. Adult monarchs need nectar to fuel them during spring migration and breeding and to build up stores of fat which sustain them during fall migration
and winter.</span><span style="font-size:13px">&nbsp;</span><br>
</font></div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px"><span style="font-size:13px"><font color="#000000" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br>
</font></span></div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px"><font color="#000000" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">There are many sources of information about which species of native milkweeds are best for your region, but information on which nectar plants are best for monarchs
has
not been available for large areas of the U.S.&nbsp;Working with the Monarch Joint Venture and the National Wildlife Federation, the Xerces Society has created a series of nectar plant lists for the continental U.S. based on a database of nearly 24,000
monarch
nectaring observations. Each of the 15 regional guides highlights species that are commercially available, are native to and widely found in the region, and are known to be hardy or relatively easy to grow in a garden setting.&nbsp;</font></div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px"><font color="#000000" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br>
</font></div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px"><font color="#000000" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Read more about this project on our&nbsp;<a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.xerces.org_blog_to-2Dsave-2Dmonarchs-2Dwe-2Dneed-2Dmore-
2Dthan-2Djust-2Dmilkweed_&amp;d=CwMFaQ&amp;c=-dg2m7zWuuDZ0MUcV7Sdqw&amp;r=tVAKMFPe3UCcsMWUFXo0FeX0xe1JUAj77B74DAI3DKI&amp;m=piomhAJE5RVZNQKaM-oFESSprC7Z4Ra-dlxjxw4hzE0&amp;s=uQJ-XAu2l2jgYTZs06mQQQoazr2uyXAkLfJ_ajCupNs&amp;e=" target="_blank">blog</a>,
or find a nectar plant guide for your region&nbsp;<a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.xerces.org_monarch-2Dnectar-2Dplants_&amp;d=CwMFaQ&amp;c=-dg2m7zWuuDZ0MUcV7Sdqw&amp;r=tVAKMFPe3UCcsMWUFXo0FeX0xe1JUAj77B74DAI3DKI&amp;m=
piomhAJE5RVZNQKaM-oFESSprC7Z4Ra-dlxjxw4hzE0&amp;s=i7BMwySOpFHVGqAKDJr2NruGvWNF27cYZAeY0TUW48E&amp;e=" target="_blank">here</a>.
These plant lists are works-in-progress and benefit from your help. You can submit additional monarch nectaring observations via our online&nbsp;<a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__docs.google.com_forms_d_e_1FAIpQLSfC85E-
2DbtqsGSrt16TSAogICzLV2PvOlrID-2Dun-2Dm0jWJpJQkA_viewform-3Fc-3D0-26w-3D1&amp;d=CwMFaQ&amp;c=-dg2m7zWuuDZ0MUcV7Sdqw&amp;r=tVAKMFPe3UCcsMWUFXo0FeX0xe1JUAj77B74DAI3DKI&amp;m=piomhAJE5RVZNQKaM-oFESSprC7Z4Ra-dlxjxw4hzE0&amp;s=
qzWWSFpzLcetGLt6cdYpNALj9V3hkoYpoOIk0slU_kU&amp;e=" target="_blank">survey</a>.
We are grateful to the many different researchers and monarch enthusiasts across the country who have already contributed to our database - thank you!</font></div>
<div><br>
</div>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt"><b style="font-size:12.8px"><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:calibri,sans-serif; color:rgb(31,73,125)">Candace Fallon</span></b><br>

<p style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt"><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"></span></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt"><font size="2" color="#000000" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Senior&nbsp;<span>Conservation Biologist</span></font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt"><font size="2" color="#000000" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Endangered Species Program</font></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt"><br>

<p style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt"><img style="-moz-user-select: none;" src="https://docs.google.com/a/xerces.org/uc?id=0Bx1WNNjAOrmNRHFRbF9EZFZaSnROY1k1ZGE3WUtnN1VRVFo4&amp;export=download"><br>

<p style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt"><span>&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"></span></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt"><i>Protecting the Life that Sustains Us</i></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt"><b><span><br>
</span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt"><span>628 NE Broadway, Suite 200, Portland, OR, 97232 USA</span><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"></span></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt"><span>Tel:&nbsp;(503) 232-6639 ext. 118&nbsp;|&nbsp;&nbsp;Fax:&nbsp;(503) 233-6794</span><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">
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My brother in NZ raises monarchs just to release at his house, he says it's been harder the last few years because wasps have become too numerous. This includes hornets and yellow jackets which he can trap, but paper wasps ignore the traps. I'm wondering
if there's something about global warming or agricultural development (such as wasp habitat or commercial tachinid flies) that's favorable to monarch predators.

Bill
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For many years here in the "urban core" of Minneapolis, I have not seen a monarch larva get beyond first instar on the milkweed I let grow in my yard. The gleaners I see on the plants are principally Polites spp. This past summer I had to remove a
Polistes nest in order to do some house painting, and for the first time actually took note of the species--the introduced P. dominula. So I took a walk up and down my alley--MANY nests under the garage eaves, all P. dominula. If this little sample is
representative, this wasp must be extremely abundant in the Twin Cities metro area, and probably in smaller cities in the state. But I have no idea whether this would shed any light on what's happening in NZ.

Robert

-----Original Message-----
From: leps-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu [mailto:leps-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu] On Behalf Of Bill Cornelius
Sent: Wednesday, December 07, 2016 6:48 PM
To: leps-l@mailman.yale.edu
Subject: Re: [Leps-l] New Regional Monarch Nectar Plant Guides Now Available

My brother in NZ raises monarchs just to release at his house, he says it's been harder the last few years because wasps have become too numerous. This includes hornets and yellow jackets which he can trap, but paper wasps ignore the traps. I'm wondering
if there's something about global warming or agricultural development (such as wasp habitat or commercial tachinid flies) that's favorable to monarch predators.

Bill
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Candace Fallon <candace.fallon@xerces.org> wrote:
Thank you, Roger. I hope the migrant population survives as well!

We already know the seasonal North American monarch migration is
not a fragile phenomenon that is vulnerable to extinction if the population drops below a certain size due to reductions in native milkweed abundance
or from changes in climate or from increased plantings of non-native
evergreen tropical milkweeds. We know this because in the mid-1800’s
when mere handfuls of North American monarchs, preadapted to North
American climates and deciduous North American milkweeds, were
inadvertently transported to Australia and New Zealand on ships, the
seasonal migration and overwintering phenomenon quickly arose from
scratch in multiple areas of those countries and the phenomenon was
supported entirely by evergreen tropical milkweeds of African origin.

Example of migratory monarchs in reproductive diapause overwintering
in Christchurch, New Zealand: https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.christchurchdailyphoto.com_wp-2Dcontent_uploads_2013_05_DSC04328.jpg&d=CwIFaQ&c=-dg2m7zWuuDZ0MUcV7Sdqw&r=tVAKMFPe3UCcsMWUFXo0FeX0xe1JUAj77B74DAI3DKI&m=nLvdW4rba8H5I-L-ysIJRoDOy3AWvwJqLlqDfkiXEnk&s=
WIbSoVG1EfEHJMr0jEvDvSCcVC4sOdpg5ij76_fRx2Q&e=

And in southeastern Australia: https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.fluidr.com_photos_ausee_sets_72157631269381288&d=CwIFaQ&c=-dg2m7zWuuDZ0MUcV7Sdqw&r=tVAKMFPe3UCcsMWUFXo0FeX0xe1JUAj77B74DAI3DKI&m=nLvdW4rba8H5I-L-ysIJRoDOy3AWvwJqLlqDfkiXEnk&s=YN-
gCRqu1PmVhXNvTjrgLtAXu8e69H5pYBzx3CxBUik&e= <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.fluidr.com_photos_ausee_sets_72157631269381288&d=CwIFaQ&c=-dg2m7zWuuDZ0MUcV7Sdqw&r=tVAKMFPe3UCcsMWUFXo0FeX0xe1JUAj77B74DAI3DKI&m=nLvdW4rba8H5I-L-
ysIJRoDOy3AWvwJqLlqDfkiXEnk&s=YN-gCRqu1PmVhXNvTjrgLtAXu8e69H5pYBzx3CxBUik&e= >

Paul Cherubini
El Dorado, Calif.
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<html><head></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><br class=""><div><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">Candace Fallon &lt;<a href="mailto:candace.fallon@xerces.
org" class="">candace.fallon@xerces.org</a>&gt; wrote:</div><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class="">Thank you, Roger. I hope the migrant population survives as well!&nbsp;</div></div></blockquote><br class=""></div><div><div>We already know the seasonal
North American monarch migration is&nbsp;</div><div>not a fragile phenomenon that is vulnerable to extinction if the population</div><div>drops below a certain size due to reductions in native milkweed abundance</div><div>or from changes in climate or
from increased plantings of non-native&nbsp;</div><div>evergreen tropical milkweeds. We know this because in the mid-1800’s</div><div>when mere handfuls of North American monarchs, preadapted to North&nbsp;</div><div>American climates and deciduous
North American milkweeds, were</div><div>inadvertently transported to &nbsp;Australia and New Zealand on ships, the&nbsp;</div><div>seasonal migration and overwintering phenomenon quickly arose from&nbsp;</div><div>scratch in multiple areas of those
countries and the phenomenon was</div><div>supported entirely by evergreen tropical milkweeds of African origin.&nbsp;</div><div><br class=""></div><div>Example of migratory monarchs in reproductive diapause overwintering&nbsp;</div><div>in Christchurch,
New Zealand:&nbsp;</div><div><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.christchurchdailyphoto.com_wp-2Dcontent_uploads_2013_05_DSC04328.jpg&d=CwMFaQ&c=-dg2m7zWuuDZ0MUcV7Sdqw&r=tVAKMFPe3UCcsMWUFXo0FeX0xe1JUAj77B74DAI3DKI&m=
nLvdW4rba8H5I-L-ysIJRoDOy3AWvwJqLlqDfkiXEnk&s=WIbSoVG1EfEHJMr0jEvDvSCcVC4sOdpg5ij76_fRx2Q&e=" class="">http://www.christchurchdailyphoto.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/DSC04328.jpg</a>&nbsp;</div><div><br class=""></div><div>And in southeastern Australia:
&nbsp;</div><div><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.fluidr.com_photos_ausee_sets_72157631269381288&d=CwMFaQ&c=-dg2m7zWuuDZ0MUcV7Sdqw&r=tVAKMFPe3UCcsMWUFXo0FeX0xe1JUAj77B74DAI3DKI&m=nLvdW4rba8H5I-L-ysIJRoDOy3AWvwJqLlqDfkiXEnk&
s=YN-gCRqu1PmVhXNvTjrgLtAXu8e69H5pYBzx3CxBUik&e=" class="">http://www.fluidr.com/photos/ausee/sets/72157631269381288</a></div><div><br class=""></div><div>Paul Cherubini</div><div>El Dorado, Calif.</div></div></body></html>
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Thank you, Roger. I hope the migrant population survives as well! We have a
lot of good folks working on monarch conservation across the country, so
I'm hopeful.

All the best,
Candace

On Wed, Dec 7, 2016 at 3:46 PM, Roger Kuhlman <rkuhlman@hotmail.com> wrote:

Sounds to me like Candace that your organization is doing a good job. I
hope the migrant Monarch population in the East is going to survive the
next 50 years. There is a very significant chance they will not due to
Human interference and that saddens me greatly.

Roger Kuhlman

Ann Arbor, Michigan

2016 was not a great Monarch year in southeast Michigan.

------------------------------
*From:* leps-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu <leps-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu>
on behalf of Candace Fallon <candace.fallon@xerces.org>
*Sent:* Wednesday, December 7, 2016 3:29 PM
*To:* leps-l@mailman.yale.edu
*Subject:* [Leps-l] New Regional Monarch Nectar Plant Guides Now Available

Monarchs are in decline across North America. With milkweed loss in the
east identified as a major contributing factor to this decline, the
national call to action has understandably focused primarily on planting milkweeds, which are the required host plants for monarch caterpillars. Yet while restoring the millions of milkweed plants that have been lost is certainly an important strategy, monarchs need more than milkweed to
support them throughout the year. Adult monarchs need nectar to fuel them during spring migration and breeding and to build up stores of fat which sustain them during fall migration and winter.

There are many sources of information about which species of native
milkweeds are best for your region, but information on which nectar plants are best for monarchs has not been available for large areas of the
U.S. Working with the Monarch Joint Venture and the National Wildlife Federation, the Xerces Society has created a series of nectar plant lists
for the continental U.S. based on a database of nearly 24,000 monarch nectaring observations. Each of the 15 regional guides highlights species that are commercially available, are native to and widely found in the region, and are known to be hardy or relatively easy to grow in a garden setting.

Read more about this project on our blog <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.xerces.org_blog_to-2Dsave-2Dmonarchs-2Dwe-2Dneed-2Dmore-2Dthan-2Djust-2Dmilkweed_&d=CwMFaQ&c=-dg2m7zWuuDZ0MUcV7Sdqw&r=tVAKMFPe3UCcsMWUFXo0FeX0xe1JUAj77B74DAI3DKI&m=piomhAJE5RVZNQKaM-oFESSprC7Z4Ra-

dlxjxw4hzE0&s=uQJ-XAu2l2jgYTZs06mQQQoazr2uyXAkLfJ_ajCupNs&e=>,

or find a nectar plant guide for your region here <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.xerces.org_monarch-2Dnectar-2Dplants_&d=CwMFaQ&c=-dg2m7zWuuDZ0MUcV7Sdqw&r=tVAKMFPe3UCcsMWUFXo0FeX0xe1JUAj77B74DAI3DKI&m=piomhAJE5RVZNQKaM-oFESSprC7Z4Ra-dlxjxw4hzE0&s=

i7BMwySOpFHVGqAKDJr2NruGvWNF27cYZAeY0TUW48E&e=>.

These plant lists are works-in-progress and benefit from your help. You can submit additional monarch nectaring observations via our online survey <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__docs.google.com_forms_d_e_1FAIpQLSfC85E-2DbtqsGSrt16TSAogICzLV2PvOlrID-2Dun-2Dm0jWJpJQkA_viewform-3Fc-3D0-26w-3D1&d=CwMFaQ&c=-dg2m7zWuuDZ0MUcV7Sdqw&r=tVAKMFPe3UCcsMWUFXo0FeX0xe1JUAj77B74DAI3DKI&m=

piomhAJE5RVZNQKaM-oFESSprC7Z4Ra-dlxjxw4hzE0&s=qzWWSFpzLcetGLt6cdYpNALj9V3hkoYpoOIk0slU_kU&e=>.

We are grateful to the many different researchers and monarch enthusiasts across the country who have already contributed to our database - thank you!

--

*Candace Fallon*

Senior Conservation Biologist

Endangered Species Program

*Protecting the Life that Sustains Us*

628 NE Broadway, Suite 200, Portland, OR, 97232 USA

Tel: (503) 232-6639 ext. 118 | Fax: (503) 233-6794

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Bill,

Unfortunately not agricultural development but urban development
provides ideal paper habitat especially for paper wasps. The sheltered
eaves of houses, sheds, etc, are ideal nesting locations. In the wild
and in landscapes they utilize broad leafed plants. To check a planting
just take a stick, ruffle the foliage and see if any wasps fly out. Most butterfly gardeners have good success the first few seasons until the
predator population in response to the availability of prey establishes
itself.

The only control I know of with paper wasps is to locate their nests,
wait until after dark when they are all on the nest, and hit it with
wasp spray then. Wasp spray is the only insecticidal product I ever use
on my property with the exception if necessary of granular products for
fire ants, but fortunately they have not returned in years now.

Dale McClung

On 12/7/16 7:47 PM, Bill Cornelius wrote:

My brother in NZ raises monarchs just to release at his house, he says it's been harder the last few years because wasps have become too numerous. This includes hornets and yellow jackets which he can trap, but paper wasps ignore the traps. I'm

wondering if there's something about global warming or agricultural development (such as wasp habitat or commercial tachinid flies) that's favorable to monarch predators.

Bill
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paper habitat

Should have been just habitat. Copy and paste edit error.

Dale

On 12/8/16 5:13 PM, Dale McClung wrote:

Bill,

Unfortunately not agricultural development but urban development
provides ideal paper habitat especially for paper wasps. The sheltered
eaves of houses, sheds, etc, are ideal nesting locations. In the wild
and in landscapes they utilize broad leafed plants. To check a planting
just take a stick, ruffle the foliage and see if any wasps fly out. Most butterfly gardeners have good success the first few seasons until the predator population in response to the availability of prey establishes itself.

The only control I know of with paper wasps is to locate their nests,
wait until after dark when they are all on the nest, and hit it with
wasp spray then. Wasp spray is the only insecticidal product I ever use
on my property with the exception if necessary of granular products for
fire ants, but fortunately they have not returned in years now.

Dale McClung

On 12/7/16 7:47 PM, Bill Cornelius wrote:

My brother in NZ raises monarchs just to release at his house, he says it's been harder the last few years because wasps have become too numerous. This includes hornets and yellow jackets which he can trap, but paper wasps ignore the traps. I'm

wondering if there's something about global warming or agricultural development (such as wasp habitat or commercial tachinid flies) that's favorable to monarch predators.

Bill
_______________________________________________
Leps-l mailing list
Leps-l@mailman.yale.edu
http://mailman.yale.edu/mailman/listinfo/leps-l

_______________________________________________
Leps-l mailing list
Leps-l@mailman.yale.edu
http://mailman.yale.edu/mailman/listinfo/leps-l

_______________________________________________
Leps-l mailing list
Leps-l@mailman.yale.edu
http://mailman.yale.edu/mailman/listinfo/leps-l

--- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
* Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)