• Gorilla subgenus Praeanthropus afarensis->boisei // Pan subgenus Austra

    From littoral.homo@gmail.com@21:1/5 to All on Thu Nov 11 11:47:57 2021
    Ryan & Johanson 1989:
    “Incisal dental microwear in A.afarensis is most similar to that observed in Gorilla”.

    Johanson & Edey 1981:351:
    The composite skull reconstructed mostly from A.L.333 specimens “looked very much like a small female gorilla”.

    Walker cs 1986:
    “Other primitive [=advanced gorilla-like --mv] features found in KNM-WT 17000, but not know or much discussed for A.afarensis, are:
    -very small cranial capacity,
    -low posterior profile of the calvaria,
    -nasals extended far above the frontomaxillar suture, well onto an uninflated glabella,
    -extremely convex inferolateral margins of the orbits such as found in some gorillas”.

    Kennedy 1991 (see also his fig.1):
    As for the maximum parietal breadth & the biauriculare in O.H.5 & KNM-ER 406 “the robust australopithecines have values near the Gorilla mean:
    both the pongids and the robust australopithecines have highly pneumatized bases”.

    Robinson 1960:
    In O.H.5 boisei, “the curious and characteristic features of the Paranthropus skull... parallel some of those of the gorilla”.

    Leakey & Walker 1988:
    The boisei “lineage has been characterized by sexual dimorphism of the degree seen in modern Gorilla for the length of its known history”.

    Beynon & Wood 1986 (cf. Beynon cs 1991):
    -A.boisei teeth showed “a relative absence of prism decussation”,
    -among extant hominoids, “Gorilla enamel showed relatively little decussation ...”.

    These detailed comparisons are confirmed by all publications after 1994, when I wrote Hum.Evol.9:121-139.

    The same is true for S.Afr.apiths & Pan:

    Leakey 1981:74-75:
    “Alan [Walker] has analysed a number of Au.robustus teeth and they fall into the fruit-eating category.
    More precisely, their teeth patterns look like those of chimpanzees...
    Then, when be looked at some Homo erectus teeth, be found that the pattern changed”. L

    Eckhardt, 1987. :
    “The ‘keystone’ nasal bone arrangement suggested as a derived diagnostic of Paranthropus [robustus] is found in an appreciable number of pongids, particularly clearly in some chimpanzees”.

    Zihlman cs 1978:
    “P.paniscus provides a suitable comparison for Australopithecus [Sts.5],
    they are similar in body size, postcranial dimensions and... even in cranial and facial features”.

    Ferguson 1989:
    “A.africanus Sts.5, which... falls well within the range of Pan troglodytes, is markedly prognathous or hyperprognathous”.

    Woodward 1925. :
    In Taung, “I see nothing in the orbits, nasal bones, and canine teeth definitely nearer to the human condition than the corresponding parts of the skull of a modern young chimpanzee”.

    Rak & Howell 1978:
    “The Taung juvenile seems to resemble a young chimpanzee more closely than it resembles L338y-6”, a juvenile A.boisei.

    Bromage 1985:
    “In addition to similarities in facial remodeling it appears that Taung and Australopithecus in general, had maturation periods similar to those of the extant chimpanzee”.

    Falk 1987:
    “I estimate an adult capacity for Taung ranging from 404-420 cm2, with a mean of 412 cm2.
    Application of Passingham’s curve for brain development in Pan is preferable to that for humans because
    (a) brain size of early hominids approximates that of chimpanzees,
    (b) the curves for brain volume relative to body weight are essentially parallel in pongids and australopithecines, leading Hofman to conclude that ‘as with pongids, the australopithecines probably differed only in size, not in design’”.

    Bromage & Dean 1985. :
    In Taung, “pneumatization has also extended into the zygoma and hard palate. This is intriguing because an intrapalatal extension of the maxillary sinus has only been reported in chimpanzees and robust australopithecines among higher primates”.

    Schultz 1941:
    “That the fossil ape Australopithecus [Taung] ‘is distinguished from all living apes by the... unfused nasal bones…’ as claimed by Dart (1940), cannot be maintained in view of the very considerable number of cases of separate nasal bones among
    orang-utans and chimpanzees of ages corresponding to that of Australopithecus”.

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