Oldest evidence of abundant C4 grasses and habitat heterogeneity in
eastern Africa
A new habitat for hominoid emergence?
The hominoid lineage underwent a major morphological change in the
Miocene, acquiring strong hind legs and a more upright posture. The
prevailing hypothesis pertaining to these changes has been that they
were adaptive for foraging on fruit in the terminal branches of
tropical forest trees. A pair of papers now argue that, instead, such
changes may have been driven by adaptation to feeding on leaves in
seasonally dry and open forests. Peppe et al. used new data from
fossil mammal study sites and found that the expansion of grassy
biomes dominated by grasses with the C4 photosynthetic pathway in
eastern Africa likely occurred more than 10 million years earlier than
prior estimates. MacLatchy et al. looked at fossils of the earliest
ape in this region at this time, Morotopithecus, and found isotope
evidence of the consumption of water-stressed vegetation and
postcranial morphology indicative of strong hind limbs similar to
modern apes. Together, these papers suggest that early hominoids
emerged in a dryer and more irregular environment than was previously
believed.
Abstract
The assembly of Africa’s iconic C4 grassland ecosystems is central to evolutionary interpretations of many mammal lineages, including
hominins. C4 grasses are thought to have become ecologically dominant
in Africa only after 10 million years ago (Ma). However,
paleobotanical records older than 10 Ma are sparse, limiting
assessment of the timing and nature of C4 biomass expansion. This
study uses a multiproxy design to document vegetation structure from
nine Early Miocene mammal site complexes across eastern Africa.
Results demonstrate that between ~21 and 16 Ma, C4 grasses were
locally abundant, contributing to heterogeneous habitats ranging from
forests to wooded grasslands. These data push back the oldest evidence
of C4 grass–dominated habitats in Africa—and globally—by more than 10
million years, calling for revised paleoecological interpretations of
mammalian evolution.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abq2834
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