[continued from previous message]

align with those entities' public representations about those practices.

"I've got lots of random complaints that we can use to tie up your lawyers!"

(d) For large online platforms that are vast arenas for public debate, including the social media platform Twitter, the FTC shall also,
consistent with its legal authority, consider whether complaints allege violations of law that implicate the policies set forth in section 4(a) of this order. The FTC shall consider developing a report describing such complaints and making the report publicly available, consistent with applicable law.

"We'd like to modify that law, without actually getting Congress to change it."

Sec. 5. State Review of Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices and Anti-Discrimination Laws. (a) The Attorney General shall establish a
working group regarding the potential enforcement of State statutes that prohibit online platforms from engaging in unfair or deceptive acts or practices. The working group shall also develop model legislation for consideration by legislatures in States where existing statutes do not protect Americans from such unfair and deceptive acts and practices. The working group shall invite State Attorneys General for discussion and consultation, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law.

"We'd like to modify that law, without actually getting Congress to change it."

(b) Complaints described in section 4(b) of this order will be shared with the working group, consistent with applicable law. The working group shall also collect publicly available information regarding the following:

(i) increased scrutiny of users based on the other users they choose to
follow, or their interactions with other users;

(ii) algorithms to suppress content or users based on indications of
political alignment or viewpoint;

(iii) differential policies allowing for otherwise impermissible
behavior, when committed by accounts associated with the Chinese
Communist Party or other anti-democratic associations or governments;

"I've got lots of random complaints that we can use to tie up your lawyers!"

(iv) reliance on third-party entities, including contractors, media
organizations, and individuals, with indicia of bias to review content;
and

See "pocketbook," above.

(v) acts that limit the ability of users with particular viewpoints to
earn money on the platform compared with other users similarly situated.

"We'll get you in the pocketbook, my pretty, and your little users, too!"

Sec. 6. Legislation. The Attorney General shall develop a proposal for Federal legislation that would be useful to promote the policy objectives
of this order.

"We'd like to modify that law, without actually getting Congress to change it."

Sec. 7. Definition. For purposes of this order, the term "online platform" means any website or application that allows users to create and share content or engage in social networking, or any general search engine.

No problem.

Sec. 8. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:

(i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency,
or the head thereof; or

(ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and
Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.

(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.

(c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or
benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities,
its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.

"They told me I had to put this in, but I don't have to like it ..."

DONALD J. TRUMP
THE WHITE HOUSE,
May 28, 2020.

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 29 May 2020 08:23:15 -0700
From: Lauren Weinstein <lauren@vortex.com>
Subject: Twitter hides two Trump tweets glorifying violence behind warning
notice (CNN)

https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/29/tech/trump-twitter-minneapolis/index.html

[I fully support Twitter in these actions.]

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 29 May 2020 15:24:48 -0700
From: Lauren Weinstein <lauren@vortex.com>
Subject: Trump Is Doing All of This For Zuckerberg (The Atlantic)

https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/05/trumps-executive-order-isnt-about-twitter/612349/

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 29 May 2020 05:53:00 -1000
From: the keyboard of geoff goodfellow <geoff@iconia.com>
Subject: New ComRAT Malware Uses Gmail to Receive Commands and Exfiltrate
Data (The Hacker News)

Cybersecurity researchers today uncovered a new advanced version of ComRAT backdoor, one of the earliest known backdoors used by the Turla APT group,
that leverages Gmail's web interface to covertly receive commands and exfiltrate sensitive data.

"ComRAT v4 was first seen in 2017 and known still to be in use as recently
as January 2020," cybersecurity firm ESET said in a report <https://www.welivesecurity.com/2020/05/26/agentbtz-comratv4-ten-year-journey/> shared with The Hacker News. "We identified at least three targets: two Ministries of Foreign Affairs in Eastern Europe and a national parliament in the Caucasus region."

Turla <https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0010/>, also known as Snake, has
been active for over a decade with a long history of the watering hole and spear-phishing campaigns against embassies and military organizations at
least since 2004.

The group's espionage platform started off as Agent.BTZ <https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0092/>, in 2007, before it evolved to ComRAT <https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0126/>, in addition to gaining additional capabilities to achieve persistence and to steal data from a
local network. [...]

https://thehackernews.com/2020/05/gmail-malware-hacker.html

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 29 May 2020 13:34:21 +0100
From: Andy Walker <anw@cuboid.me.uk>
Subject: Re: Misinformation (Baker, RISKS-31.90)

Yes, but the response to this has been known for at least 60 years, and consists of biasing the samples so that the rare event occurs much more frequently but is given less weight. I expect that HB's code that requires
"at least 15000 samples" includes something rather like

if random() > 0.99 then sum += 98 else sum += 2 fi

so that counting 98 occurs roughly 1% of the time. If he replaces that
by something like

if random() > x then sum += a else sum += b fi

where a = 98*0.01/(1-x), b = 2*0.99/x, then for suitable values of x
[eg x = 2/3] it converges much more quickly. Indeed, for x = 198/296
it converges immediately. The value x = 0.99 recovers the original.

" A general Monte Carlo tenet is: never sample from a distribution
" merely because it arises in the physical context of a problem, for
" we may be able to use a better distribution in the computations
" and still get the right answer. "
[Monte Carlo Methods, Hammersley and Handscomb, Methuen, 1956]

I'm sure that those making professional use of MC methods know
all about "importance sampling", "antithetic variables" and the other
tools of the trade.

I don't expect anyone to be able to predict [e.g.,] the total number of
deaths to any great accuracy in advance, but ...

This is the reason why "R0" models make no sense in the presence of superspreaders -- there is no single 'R0' that captures any useful aspect of the behavior of the epidemic.

... I don't believe that this follows. R0 captures, in a way that can be explained to the general population, whether the pandemic is showing exponential growth or exponential decay. If there were only one or two superspreaders in the world, there might be a problem depending on whether
or not those very rare people caught the virus and each infected millions.
In reality, even if they are only one in a thousand, their effects can be spread out over the model and estimated to sufficient accuracy. But not in naive ways that assume uniformity.

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 29 May 2020 13:36:20 +0300
From: Amos Shapir <amos083@gmail.com>
Subject: Re: More on the Tweeter and the Tweetee (RISKS-31.90)

The NYT article notes about the proposed Trump order "lawyers quickly said
... that he was claiming power to do something he does not have the power to do".

Isn't that the very definition of Trump's presidency?

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 29 May 2020 00:29:19 -0400
From: "R. G. Newbury" <newbury@mandamus.org>
Subject: Re: The Pandemic Is Exposing the Limits of Science (Wilson,
R 31 90)

It is also sad to see people who should know better, using models,
calculated from spurious data using who knows what functions, as definitive proof of anything. As someone said: "all models are wrong. Some models are useful"

The definitive explanation of models and calculations continues to be
xjcd. I will be nit-picky in pointing out that I think the 7th item should
be labelled 'Average garbage' and not 'Better Garbage'.

https://xkcd.com/2295/

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 29 May 2020 00:43:06 -0400
From: "R. G. Newbury" <newbury@mandamus.org>
Subject: Re: Vitamin C (RISKS-31.90)

Re: Having a healthy immune system: A retrospective study in Indonesia
strongly implies that having a healthy immune system w lots of free Vitamin
D, is a good indicator of the prognosis and outcome of suffering from Whuhan Flu. April 26, 2020.

Money quote: When controlling for age, sex, and comorbidity, Vitamin D
status is strongly associated with COVID-19 mortality outcome of cases.

Patterns of COVID-19 Mortality and Vitamin D: An Indonesian Study https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3585561

Extract:

98.9% of Vitamin D deficient cases died while only 1.1% of them were active cases. 87.8% of Vitamin D insufficient cases died while only 12.2% of them were active cases. Only 4.1% of cases with normal Vitamin D levels died
while 95.9% of them were active cases.

[This makes sense. Having a strong immune system allows the infected to
fight off the virus while viral load is low. Vitamin D is not a "cure" for
anything, but it can be a good defence. Probably true for Vitamin C too.
RGN]

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 29 May 2020 13:13:59 +0300
From: Amos Shapir <amos083@gmail.com>
Subject: Re: Vitamin C (RISKS-31.90)

The main reason doctors are not keen on prescribing vitamin C in large quantities, is not just the lack of benefits by drug companies. IMHO, it
has more to do with the risk of malpractice suits. Can you imagine what a lawyer can do about a prescription, whose main promoter himself describes as "an overdose"?

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 29 May 2020 19:49:23 -0300
From: =?UTF-8?B?QW5kcsOp?= Carezia <andre@carezia.srv.br>
Subject: Re: Vitamin C (RISKS-31.90)

July, 1949 SOUTHERN MEDICINE & SURGERY 209

The Treatment of Poliomyelitis and Other Virus Diseases with
Vitamin C

Fred R. Klenner, M.D., Reidsville, North Carolina

IN A PREVIOUS REPORT dealing with the antagonistic properties of ascorbic
acid to the virus of atypical pneumonia, mention was made of the fact that other types of virus infections had responded favorably to vitamin C. This paper is to present these findings as well as the results of subsequent
studies on the virus of poliomyelitis, the viruses causing measles, mumps, chickenpox, herpes zoster, herpes simplex and influenza. Further studies
with the virus of atypical pneumonia will also be discussed.

These observations of the action of ascorbic acid on virus diseases were
made independently of any knowledge of previous studies using vitamin C on virus pathology, except for the negative report of Sabin after treating
Rhesus monkeys experimentally infected with the poliomyelitis virus. A
review of the literature in preparation of this paper, however, presented an almost unbelievable record of such studies. The years of labor in animal experimentation, the cost in human effort and in "grants," and the volumes written, make it difficult to understand how so many investigators could
have failed in comprehending the one thing that would have given positive results a decade ago. This one thing was the size of the dose of vitamin C employed and the frequency of its administration. In all fairness it must be said that Jungeblut noted on several occasions that he attributed his
failure of results to the possibility that the strength of his injectable
"C" was inadequate. It was he who unequivocally said that ''vitamin C can truthfully be designated as the antitoxic and antiviral vitamin."

In developing this paper it was felt that, since all virus infections were
more or less akin, only one of this family would be considered in
detail. Poliomyelitis, because of its prevalence and the seriousness of the problem it presents, was chosen as the disease to be so treated.

Poliomyelitis is in most instances an acute febrile disease of sudden onset, with symptoms of a systemic infection which either abruptly abort or develop
to hyperesthesia, asymmetry of reflexes and flaccid paralysis or palsies of muscle groups. It affects individuals of all ages, but mainly children, as
do more common childhood diseases to which class it most likely
belongs. Only slight contact between the carrier of the virus and the susceptible person suffices in some cases for the transfer of the causative organism. In this respect and also in that the virus can be demonstrated in
the nasal washings as early as six days before onset of symptoms,
poliomyelitis resembles measles. We never have an epidemic of poliomyelitis preceding an epidemic of measles; the opposite is frequently true. This grouping of the virus organisms is too often repeated not .to carry some significance. For example, atypical pneumonia and influenza are caused by closely allied viruses; so are chickenpox, herpes zoster and herpes simplex;
so are measles, mumps and poliomyelitis. The incubation period depends on
the mode of entry. In experimental animals. Fraser and others showed that
the average was 6.6 days with intracerebral inoculation and ten days when
the intravenous route was used. Howitt mentions that the virus reaches the nervous system sooner after intranasal than after intravenous installations. Transmission (Brodie, 1934) is by means of droplets from the mucous membrane
of the upper respiratory tract. Infection by means of raw milk, human feces and house flies is highly improbable.

The research of Flexner, Dark and Amoss in 1914 proved that poliomyelitis is
a disease of the entire nervous system, that the sensory ganglia are the
seats of early and profound histological changes. The disease is significant mainly for the paralysis produced through injury to the motor neurons of the spinal cord and brain. This is caused by a special affinity of the virus for
a certain type of nerve tissue. Experiments show the cerebral cortex to be
the most unsatisfactory site for growth, that large amounts of the virus
placed in this area are apt to disappear in a short time. Observations in monkeys and in man show that the anterior horn cells, particularly those of
the lumbar cord, are the most favorable sites for proliferation of the
virus.

In all clinically ill patients the virus eventually travels in the course of its invasion by several channels. The virus can make a direct assault
through the olfactory bulb, to the brain, medulla and spinal cord. The virus can enter the blood stream directly or through the lymph channels. Following damage to the natural protective barrier, the choroid plexus, it can make
its way to the central nervous system, or it can be excreted back onto the nasal mucous membrane where it will pick up the direct route of the
olfactory bulb.

Clark, Turner and Reynolds (1926, 1927, 1929) concluded that the virus
chiefly travels by the direct route to the brain. Lennette and Hudson (
1935) confirmed this theory and reported their studies indicating that human infection is chiefly through the nasopharynx. Brodi and others showed that
by section of the olfactory tracts in monkeys infection by the direct route
was prevented. It is of more than mere academic interest that while the
nasal mucosa of the monkey contains branches of the 5th and 7th cranial
nerves and that in addition, since the virus can readily gravitate from the nasopharynx to the tonsil bed with its nerve supply, if the olfactory tracts are cut no infection will occur. The most likely explanation is that the olfactory is non-medullated, the neurons lie in the nasal mucosa and are
thus exposed to the virus. The sciatic nerve (Brodi) will transport the
virus only when it has been injured, suggesting that lack of myelin may
render the healthy olfactory nerve vulnerable to the virus.

The most important of the secondary routes of infection is by the excretion
of the virus from the blood stream onto the nasal mucosa. Lennette and
Hudson (1934, 1935) demonstrated in monkeys that by sectioning the olfactory tracts and then inoculating by the intravenous route with the virus of poliomyelitis, they could prevent infection.

This would fit in with the work of Jungeblut and others that the spread of
the virus through the central nervous system is along nerve tracts, rather
than by means of the cerebrospinal fluid, the infection to become manifest
when the first cell group is reached, and by relays of fibers, reaches the mid-brain. Here numerous fiber-paths run in all directions and the virus is carried by both motor and sensory axons, causing disease at many levels of
the brain and cord.

Since there is always a period of septicemia in the first few days of poliomyelitis, it might be that this is the all-important route and that the virus is grown on a living tissue, the blood, and then is deposited out on
the surface of the olfactory bulb. From this we conclude that the time to destroy the virus is during this incubation period which varies more with virulence and power of multiplication than with size of initial dose.

The second flanking maneuver of importance is through the choroid plexus. It
is the function of the choroid plexus and the pial lymphatic vessels to
exclude the virus present in the blood from the nervous system. Once these protective structures are injured, however, the exclusion ceases and
infection can follow readily. Changes in the structure or function of the meningeal choroid plexus complex, too slight to be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid or as morphological alterations, materially diminish its protective power. Flexner and Amoss injected large doses of the virus intravenously, then tested the cerebrospinal fluid and found no virus after
the first 48 hours; virus in small amounts at the end of 72 hours; after 96 hours evidence of free access to this system. The virus was still present 19 days later when paralysis was beginning.

Poliomyelitis in man is always more severe if exercise is taken at time of
the infection. Here one must consider the factor of filtration of the virus through the choroid plexus as being increased due to the elevation of the vascular bed pressure. Also, that, by the acceleration of the blood flow
caused by greater oxygen demand in physical effort, a marked increase in the percentage of the virus deposited on the nasal mucosa would result.

We must agree with Fairbrother and Hurst that too little consideration
has been given to the pathology of the nervous system and in particular
to the drainage of the tissue fluids. These men confirmed the earlier
work of Schroder, who stressed that the normal flow of these fluids is
along the perivascular spaces from the center of the cord outward, and
that any inflammatory exudate occupying these spaces must be swept into
the pial meshes; further that meningeal infiltration may seem nothing
more than a drainage of cells from the interior of the cord.
Fairbrother and Hurst found that meningeal infiltration does not occur
in monkeys until the perivascular infiltration beginning in the deeper
vessels reaches the surface.

The presence of the filterable microorganism or virus of poliomyelitis upon
the mucous membrane of the nose and throat does not necessarily lead to infection. It may give rise to a class of healthy carriers who are
themselves immune. Amoss and Taylor found a secretion of the mucous membrane capable of neutralizing or inactivating the virus, this property absent altogether from the secretions of some persons, in those of others present
at one time and not at another. It is probable that in actively immune
animals the passage of the neutralizing substance from the blood into the cerebrospinal fluid would continue as long as the inflammation present in
the meninges rendered the structures easily permeable to the protein constituents of the blood. This secretion X could not have the properties
of a true antibody. The virus of poliomyelitis is intracellular from the
time it invades the terminal cells of the olfactory system until the end of
the disease, except when crossing the synaptic junctions between cells. This explains why the virus cannot be neutralized by antibodies in the
serum. Further protection is afforded the virus by the functional barrier between the circulating blood and the central nervous system.

Since immunization against poliomyelitis comparable to that against other bacterial diseases is still a matter of the future, it suggested itself that some antibiotic could be found that would destroy this scourge while in the phase of blood-stream invasion. Sabin's negative report on the value of ascorbic acid on the poliomyelitis virus stopped Jungeblut's work, but we
were cognizant of its dramatic effect on the virus causing atypical
pneumonia, and so kept up hope. These results were so consistently positive that we did not hesitate to try its effectiveness against all type of virus infections. The frequent administration of massive doses of vitamin C was so encouraging in the early days of the 1948 epidemic of poliomyelitis that a review of the literature was begun. Heaslip, in the Australian Journal of Experimental Biology & Medicine reported a mean urinary output of vitamin C under a load test of 19.9 per cent in 60 poliomyelitis cases, as contrasted with a mean figure of 44.3 per cent in 45 healthy contacts. This was
suggestive of some relationship between the degree of vitamin C saturation
and the infectious and non-infectious state. He was also able to show a correlation between the severity of the attack and the level of urinary excretion of the vitamin. This would indicate that a deficiency of vitamin C
in the diet predisposed to infection and to severity of attack. Sabin
reported no appreciable difference in infectivity of poliomyelitis in
monkeys with much or no vitamin C in the diet. Many others, however, have reported that a "deficient vitamin C nutrition increases susceptibility to infection," and many others that animals dying from the effects of the poliomyelitis virus show a reduction of vitamin C in the tissues. Heaslip
found a definite relationship between the severity of the infection and the level of vitamin C nutrition. It is consistent with accepted physiological action of vitamin C to expect and anti-edema effect in any given affected
area. It is worthy of note that bacterial toxins can cause losses of from 50
to 85 per cent of the vitamin C normally contained in the
adrenals. Jungeblut's investigations seemed to justify the conclusion that vitamin C was the "antibiotic" that would destroy the virus organism. He
stated that the prophylactic and therapeutic administration of synthetic or natural vitamin C had given evidence of having distinct therapeutic
properties in experimental poliomyelitis, and that the proper injection dose was directly proportional to the speed of the infection and the stage at
which the process had arrived. Jungeblut stated in 1937 that the parental administration of natural vitamin C during its incubation period of poliomyelitis in monkeys is always followed by a distinct change in the severity of the disease; that after the fifth day of the disease distinctly larger doses are required. He realized, at that early date, that for a fast progressing infection such as results from the R. M. V. strain, very large doses -— 400 mg. crystalline C maximum in a 24-hour period -- of vitamin C would be required; for the Aycock virus with its slower infection potential small amounts of the vitamin would suffice. Even with almost infinitesimal amounts -— 100 mg. ascorbic acid for each 24-hour period—he was able to demonstrate that the non-paralytic survivors in one series was six times as great as in the controls. In our work we shall speak of six, ten and 20 thousand mg. in a similar time period.

Harde et al. reported that diphtheria toxin is inactivated by vitamin C
in vitro and to a lesser extent in vivo. I have confirmed this finding,
indeed extended it. Diphtheria can be cured in man by the
administration of massive frequent doses of hexuronic acid (vitamin C)
given intravenously and/or intramuscularly. To the synthetic drug, by
mouth, there is little response, even when 1000 to 2000 mg. is used
every two hours. This cure in diphtheria is brought about in half the
time required to remove the membrane and give negative smears by
antitoxin. This membrane is removed by lysis when "C" is given, rather
than by sloughing as results with the use of the antitoxin. An
advantage of this form of therapy is that the danger of serum reaction
is eliminated. The only disadvantage of the ascorbic acid therapy is
the inconvenience of the multiple injections. This concept of the
action of vitamin C against certain toxins has led to treating other
diseases producing exotoxins. For years it has been our knowledge that
vitamin C in 500 to 1000 mg. doses injected I. M. would cure bacillary dysentery of the Shiga type. Children having 10 to 15 bloody stools per
day have cleared in 48 hours under this schedule while at the same time reverting to normal feedings. This dual action of vitamin C against
certain toxins and the virus organism becomes more intelligible with
the work of Kligler, Warburg and others who believed that the
detoxification effected by hexuronic acid is brought about by a direct combination of the vitamin with the toxin or virus, this followed by
oxidation of the new compound which destroys both the virus or toxin
and the vitamin. Borsook et al. decided that the main chemical action
of ascorbic acid is as a powerful reducing agent, and the virus causing poliomyelitis is known to be susceptible to the oxidizing action of
various agents. It is in point here to remark that vitamin C is an
integral part of the oxidation-reduction system of the body, thus
playing a definite part in natural resistance.

In the poliomyelitis epidemic in North Carolina in 1948, 60 cases of this disease came under our care. These patients presented all or almost all of these signs and symptoms: Fever of 101 to 104.6°, headache, pain at the back of the eyes, conjunctivitis, scarlet throat; pain between the shoulders, the back of the neck, one or more extremity, the lumbar back; nausea, vomiting
and constipation. In I5 of these cases the diagnosis was confirmed by lumbar puncture; the cell count ranging from 33 to 125. Eight had been in contact
with a proven case; two of this group received spinal taps. Examination of
the spinal fluid was not carried out in others for the reasons: (1) Flexner
and Amoss had warned that "simple lumbar puncture attended with even very slight hemorrhage opens the way for the passage of the virus from the blood into the central nervous system and thus promotes infection." (2) A patient presenting all or almost all of the above signs and symptoms during an
epidemic of poliomyelitis must be considered infected with this virus. (3) Routine lumbar puncture would have made it obligatory to report each case as diagnosed to the health authorities. This would have deprived myself of valuable clinical material and the patients of most valuable therapy, since they would have been removed to a receiving center in a nearby town.

The treatment employed was vitamin C in massive doses. It was given like any other antibiotic every two to four hours. The initial dose was 1000 to 2000 mg., depending on age. Children up to four years received the injections intramuscularly. Since laboratory facilitates for whole blood and urine determinations of the concentration of vitamin C were not available, the temperature curve was adopted as the guide for additional medication. The rectal temperature was recorded every two hours. No temperature response
after the second hour was taken to indicate the second 1000 or 2000 mg. If there was a drop in fever after two hours, two more hours was allowed before the second dose. This schedule was followed for 24 hours. After this time
the fever was consistently down, so the drug was given 1000 to 2000
mg. every six hours for the next 48 hours. All patients were clinically well after 72 hours. After three patients had a relapse the drug was continued
for at least 48 hours longer -— 1000 to 2000 mg. every eight to 12
hours. Where spinal taps were performed, it was the rule to find a reversion
of the fluid to normal after the second day of treatment.

For patients treated in the home the dose schedule was 2000 mg. by needle
every six hours, supplemented by 1000 to 2000 mg. every two hours by
mouth. The tablet was crushed and dissolved in fruit juice. All of the
natural "C" in fruit juice is taken up by the body; this made us expect catalytic action from this medium. Ruin, 20 mg., was used with vitamin C by mouth in a few cases, instead of the fruit juice. Hawley and others have
shown that vitamin C taken by mouth will show its peak of excretion in the urine in from four to six hours. Intravenous administration produces this
peak in from one to three hours. By this route however, the concentration in the blood is raised so suddenly that a transitory overflow into the urine results before the tissues are saturated. Some authorities suggest that the subcutaneous method is the most conservative in terms of vitamin C loss but this factor is overwhelmingly neutralized by the factor of pain inflicted.

Two patients in this series of 60 regurgitated fluid through the nose.
This was interpreted as representing the dangerous bulbar type. For a
patient in this category postural drainage, oxygen administration, in
some cases tracheotomy, needs to be instituted, until the vitamin C has
had sufficient time to work—in our experience 36 hours. Failure to
recognize this factor might sacrifice the chance of recovery. With
these precautions taken, every patient of this series recovered
uneventfully within three to five days.

In the treatment of other types of virus infections the same "fluid" dose schedule was adopted. In herpes zoster 2000 to 3000 mg. of vitamin C was
given every 12 hours, this supplemented by 3 000 mg. in fruit juice by mouth every two hours. Eight cases were treated in this series, all of
adults. Seven experienced cessation of pain within two hours of the first injection and remained so without the use of any other analgesic
medication. Seven of these cases showed drying of the vesicles within 24
hours and were clear of lesions within 72 hours. They received from five to seven injections. One patient; a diabetic, stated that she was always
conscious of an uncomfortable feeling, but that it was not an actual
pain. Although nine-tenths of the vesicles cleared in the usual 72-hour
period, she was given 14 injections, the last seven of only 1000 mg. This

[continued in next message]

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