In reply to "Galina Schoultz" who wrote the following:

LOL-don't drink this koolaid. There are no Muslim democracies including Turkey where Erdogan is entering his
11th year as President in part because he jails his political opponents and there is no free press. And how
can anyone say say "modernism" and "sharia" in the same breath without laughing?

ISBN: 1590080432

Author: Mark Graham

Publisher: Amana Publications (2006, 1427 AH)

Pages: 205 Binding: Hardcover w/ dust jacket

Description from the publisher:

In the Middle Ages, while Europe was mired in superstition and feudal chaos, Baghdad was the intellectual center of the world. It was there that an army of
translators and scholars took the wisdom of the Greeks and combined it with their own cultural traditions to create a scientific, mathematical and philosophical golden age. Their accomplishments were staggering, including the
development of modern medicine, chemistry, and algebra. Muslim scientists correctly calculated the circumference of the globe in the tenth century. Muslim musicians introduced the guitar and musical notation to the Europe. And
Muslim philosophers invented the scientific method and paved the way for the Enlightenment.

The term Islamic art not only describes the art created specifically in the service of the Muslim faith (for example, a mosque and its furnishings) but also characterizes the art and architecture historically produced in the lands
ruled by Muslims, produced for Muslim patrons, or created by Muslim artists. As it is not only a religion but a way of life, Islam fostered the development
of a distinctive culture with its own unique artistic language that is reflected in art and architecture throughout the Muslim world.

How Islam Created The Modern World Pdf 20

Download https://1paudasuku.blogspot.com/?xpj=2wSZtG

This era is sometimes called the "Islamic Golden Age".[159][160][161][162][128] Islamic scientific achievements spanned a wide range of subject areas including medicine, mathematics, astronomy, and agriculture as well as physics, economics, engineering and optics.[163][164][165][166] Avicenna was a pioneer in experimental medicine,[167][168] and his The Canon of Medicine was used as a standard medicinal text in the Islamic world and Europe for centuries. Rhazes was the first to identify the diseases smallpox and measles.[169] Public hospitals of the time issued the first medical diplomas to license doctors.[170][171] Ibn al-Haytham is regarded as the father of the modern scientific method and often
referred to as the "world's first true scientist", in particular regarding his
work in optics.[172][173][174] In engineering, the Ban¿ M¿s¿ brothers' automatic flute player is considered to have been the first programmable machine.[175] In mathematics, the concept of the algorithm is named after Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, who is considered a founder of algebra, which is named after his book al-jabr, while others developed the concept of a function.[176] The government paid scientists the equivalent salary of professional athletes today.[177] Guinness World Records recognizes the University of Al Karaouine, founded in 859, as the world's oldest degree-granting university.[178] Many non-Muslims, such as Christians, Jews and Sabians,[179] contributed to the Islamic civilization in various fields,[180][181] and the institution known as the House of Wisdom employed Christian and Persian scholars to both translate works into Arabic and to develop new knowledge.[182][179][183]

The Muslim world was generally in political decline starting the 1800s, especially compared to non-Muslim European powers. Earlier, in the 15th century, the Reconquista succeeded in ending the Muslim presence in Iberia. By
the 19th century, the British East India Company had formally annexed the Mughal dynasty in India.[229] As a response to Western Imperialism, many intellectuals sought to reform Islam.[230] Islamic modernism, initially labelled by Western scholars as Salafiyya, embraced modern values and institutions such as democracy while being scripture oriented. Notable forerunners in the movement include Muhammad 'Abduh and Jamal al-Din al-Afghani.[231] Abul A'la Maududi helped influence modern political Islam.[232] Similar to contemporary codification, sharia was for the first time partially codified into law in 1869 in the Ottoman Empire's Mecelle code.[233]

Forerunners of Islamic modernism influenced Islamist political movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood and related parties in the Arab world,[240][241] which performed well in elections following the Arab Spring,[242] Jamaat-e-Islami in South Asia and the AK Party, which has democratically been in power in Turkey for decades. In Iran, revolution replaced a secular monarchy with an Islamic state. Others such as Sayyid Rashid Rida broke away from Islamic modernists[243] and pushed against embracing what he saw as Western influence.[244] The group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant would even attempt to recreate the modern gold dinar as their monetary system. While
some of those who broke away were quietist, others believed in violence against those opposing them, even against other Muslims.[245]

Historically, sharia was interpreted by independent jurists (muftis). Their legal opinions (fatwa) were taken into account by ruler-appointed judges who presided over q¿¿¿'s courts, and by ma¿¿lim courts, which were controlled by the ruler's council and administered criminal law.[373][374] In the modern era, sharia-based criminal laws were widely replaced by statutes inspired by European models.[374] The Ottoman Empire's 19th century Tanzimat reforms lead to the Mecelle civil code and represented the first attempt to codify sharia.[233] While the constitutions of most Muslim-majority states contain references to sharia, its classical rules were largely retained only in personal status (family) laws.[374] Legislative bodies which codified these laws sought to modernize them without abandoning their foundations in traditional jurisprudence.[374][378] The Islamic revival of the late 20th century brought along calls by Islamist movements for complete implementation of sharia.[374][378] The role of sharia has become a contested topic around the world. There are ongoing debates as to whether sharia is compatible with secular forms of government, human rights, freedom of thought, and women's rights.[379][380]

HOW ISLAM CREATED THE MODERN WORLD

By Mark Graham

In the Middle Ages, while Europe was mired in superstition and feudal chaos, Baghdad was the intellectual center of the world. It was there that an army of
translators and scholars took the wisdom of the Greeks and combined it with their own cultural traditions to create a scientific, mathematical and philosophical golden age. Their accomplishments were staggering, including the
development of modern medicine, chemistry, and algebra. Muslim scientists correctly calculated the circumference of the globe in the tenth century. Muslim musicians introduced the guitar and musical notation to the Europe. And
Muslim philosophers invented the scientific method and paved the way for the Enlightenment. At the dawn of the Renaissance, Christian Europe was wearing Persian clothes, singing Arab songs, reading Spanish Muslim philosophy and eating off Mamluk Turkish brassware. This is the story of how Muslims taught Europe to live well and think clearly. It is the story of how Islam created the Modern World.

About the Author

Mark Graham is the Edgar award-winning author of The Black Maria, third in a series of historical novels which have been translated into several languages.
He studied medieval history and religious studies at Connecticut College and has a masters degree in English literature from Kutztown University. He lives in the Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania.

In the 19th century, the Ottomans tried to combat the growth of European power
and influence. They trained their armies in new techniques and equipped them with up-to-date weapons. They created new government structures and state school systems modeled on those of Europe. They borrowed money to develop their infrastructure, building railroads, telegraph lines, and modern ports. Ironically, modernization got them further under the control of the Europeans,
who provided the loans.

Intellectuals like Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and Qasim Amin encouraged the reinterpretation of Islamic principles in response to the modern world as a way to break free from European colonialism. Secularnationalist movements, like the Young Turks of Anatolia, also arose. Secular nationalism was particularly strong among non-Muslim communities, which could not fully participate in Islamic nationalist movements.

Publishing in print in February 2009, this encyclopedia presents students, researchers, political analysts, journalists, and common readers with accurate, comprehensive, and balanced scholarship on all aspects of the world's fastest-growing religion and the areas it affects: society, politics, economics, everyday life, culture, and thought. A six-volume print work now conveniently offered digitally, The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World is a major revision and massive expansion of the 1995 Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. In addition to covering Islamic societies in the modern world from the eighteenth century to the present, as Modern Islamic World did, it adds a depth of historical background going back to the pre- Islamic era. It also covers the full geographical extent of Islam by focusing not only on the countries in which Islam is dominant, but also on regions in which Muslims live as minorities, such as Europe and the Americas. As with the
original Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World, the articles take a broad, comparative, and multidisciplinary approach in dealing with issues that
span across a multitude of countries and centuries. And, with nearly 300 images and 40 maps, the Encyclopedia is visually stunning.

As Arab countries gained independence, mostly between the 1940s and 1960s, the
outside world assumed that the transition to democracy would rely on an enlightened authoritarian leader who could facilitate democratization but also
serve as a bulwark against Islamic fundamentalism. The role was embodied by Kemal Atatürk, who created modern Turkey out of the ashes of the Ottoman Empire.

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