One day I thought about the performance gap between the first Intel processor and modern machines. Of course, we can try to do some estimations empirically - we know clock rate and how the pipeline is organized and what features intel 4004 CPU has (but
it would not be standard FLOPS, because there was no embedded support for float numbers yet). But there are few details: architecture bit width (only 4 bits in comparison with modern 64 bits!), very limited instruction set (it's missing even basic
logical operators like AND or XOR) and peripheral limitations (ROM/RAM accesses).
So I decided to research the subject in practice. After some thinking, I chose π number calculation as a benchmark. After all, even ENIAC did that (in 1949) and achieved a new record for the amount of calculated digits.

Silly, perhaps, but still quite illustrative.

https://www.osnews.com/story/134791/calculating-pi-digits-on-the-first-intel-microprocessor-intel-4004/

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