Research shows scale models effective for predicting storm damage to wood-frame buildings

Date:
August 24, 2021
Source:
Oregon State University
Summary:
A pair of scale model structures subjected to simulated storm
conditions in an lab responded like real wood-frame homes during
recent hurricanes, suggesting model buildings can yield important
design information for low-lying areas vulnerable to storm surges
and big waves.



FULL STORY ==========================================================================
A pair of scale model structures subjected to simulated storm conditions
in an Oregon State University lab responded like real wood-frame homes
during recent hurricanes, suggesting model buildings can yield important
design information for low-lying areas vulnerable to storm surges and
big waves.


==========================================================================
"We wanted to establish a way to build scaled wood-frame specimens
that would behave, and ultimately fail, under wave loading like their full-scale counterparts have been observed to," said Sean Duncan, who
led the study as a graduate research assistant with the Oregon State
College of Engineering. "And we also set out to develop an equation
that could predict the distribution of the uplift pressure on elevated structures. We were able to accomplish both of those goals." One of the
model structures was elevated -- built so that the living areas would be
off the ground -- and the other was "on grade," or on the ground. As the researchers expected, the on-grade model couldn't withstand water levels
as high as the raised one, and both sustained damage in ways consistent
with what was seen in real residential structures during Hurricane Sandy
in 2012 and Hurricane Ike in 2008.

The research by Duncan, OSU colleagues Dan Cox, Andre Barbosa and
Pedro Lomonaco and collaborators from the University of Hawaii and the University of California, Berkeley, also showed that a remote sensing
method known as LiDAR could track the models' damage progression as the
waves and storm surges increased in intensity.

The models were built to one-sixth scale, with strength and stiffness on
par with real residences such as those hit by Hurricane Sandy in Ortley
Beach, New Jersey, and by Hurricane Ike on Texas' Bolivar Peninsula. Each
of those storms caused extensive damage, which focused greater attention
on coastal communities' vulnerability to waves and storm surges, and on learning more about how to design and construct storm-resistant homes,
Duncan said.

"Populations in those types of communities are rising, and so are sea
levels," said Duncan, now a ports and marine engineer with WSP USA in
Federal Way, Washington. "That means risk associated with hurricanes
is rising too, especially because research indicates hurricanes are
increasing in intensity and will continue to do so. That's why it's so important to understand the forces these storms generate and how coastal structures respond, so planners and the construction industry can work
together to mitigate the potential damage from these very likely, very
potent storms." Placed on a simulated coastline in the Directional Wave
Basin at the O.H.

Hinsdale Wave Research Laboratory, the models experienced waves and
water depths replicating conditions of Hurricane Sandy. The basin is 48.8 meters long, 26.5 meters wide and just over 2 meters deep, and multiple instruments measured the hydrodynamic loads.

Vertical forces on the elevated specimen were shown to correlate with
wave height, air gap and water depth, Duncan said, with the forces
peaking in the deepest water at maximum submergence.

"Uplift pressure is also affected by how and where the waves break,"
he said.

"Waves that broke right on the specimens generally caused bigger vertical forces. And the predictive equation we developed, based on wave height
and air gap, is valid for a range of structure length to wavelength
ratios, wave heights, air gaps and water depths." Air gap refers to
the elevation of the bottom of the lowest horizontal member, or LHM,
of an elevated structure relative to the still water level.

Findings were published in Coastal Engineering, and the research was
supported by Department of Homeland Security and the National Science Foundation.

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by Oregon_State_University. Original
written by Steve Lundeberg. Note: Content may be edited for style
and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Sean Duncan, Daniel Cox, Andre R. Barbosa, Pedro Lomo'naco, Hyoungsu
Park, Mohammad S. Alam, Caileen Yu. Physical modeling of progressive
damage and failure of wood-frame coastal residential structures
due to surge and wave forces. Coastal Engineering, 2021; 169:
103959 DOI: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2021.103959 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/08/210824174435.htm

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