• 'I know this song!' Evolutionary keys to

    From ScienceDaily@1:317/3 to All on Mon Apr 25 22:30:44 2022
    'I know this song!' Evolutionary keys to musical perception

    Date:
    April 25, 2022
    Source:
    Universitat Pompeu Fabra - Barcelona
    Summary:
    When we hear a song that we already know, we can identify it even
    if it is not an exact version of the original. If it sounds higher
    or lower, faster or slower, or if the instruments are different
    from the known version, humans can identify it even if there are
    these superficial changes to the melody. New research explores
    the extent to which this skill is based on skills that are also
    present in other animals, i.e., not unique to humans.



    FULL STORY ==========================================================================
    How do we perceive music and sounds? This question is the basis of the
    research by the Language and Comparative Cognition Group (LCC) of the UPF Center for Brain and Cognition (CBC) published recently in the journal
    Animal Cognition.


    ========================================================================== Humans share characteristics that for the time being appear to be unique
    in the animal kingdom: language and music. "Our group is dedicated to understanding how these skills have evolved in humans and to what extent
    some of their components are shared with other species," explains Juan
    Manuel Toro, director of the LCC and one of the authors of the study,
    together with Paola Crespo Bojorque and Alexandre Celma Miralles.

    When we hear a song that we already know, we can identify it even if it
    is not an exact version of the original. If it sounds higher or lower,
    faster or slower, or if the instruments are different from the known
    version, humans can identify it even if there are these superficial
    changes to the melody. The study by the LLC explores the extent to which
    this skill is based on skills that are also present in other animals,
    i.e., not unique to humans.

    Hence, they studied 40 laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus, commonly known
    as Long-Evans rats), trained to identify a melody, in this case using
    the second half of the song "Happy Birthday." "It is a thirteen-tone
    melody that includes all the entire range of pitches of the Western
    major scales," they explain in the article.

    The experiment began with a familiarization phase followed by three test sessions. Twenty familiarization sessions were held, each session lasting
    10 minutes per day. At each session, the rats were placed individually in
    a response box and presented with 40 repetitions of the familiarization
    melody while being given a sucrose pill as food.

    The results suggest that the ability to recognize patterns over changes in pitch and tempo present in humans might emerge from pre-existing abilities
    in other species After the familiarization phase, three sessions were
    held in which modified versions of the song were used. Responses to the following physical changes in the melody were analysed:
    * Fundamental frequency (pitch): the song was played one eighth
    above or
    below the original.

    * Speed (tempo) * Timbre. The original song was played on a piano
    and the variant on a
    violin.

    "Our results show that the rats recognized the song even when there were changes in frequency and tempo," Toro explains, "but when we changed
    the timbre they were no longer able to recognize the song. The results
    suggest that the ability to recognize patterns over changes in pitch
    and tempo present in humans might emerge from pre-existing abilities in
    other species." Some mammalian and bird species can perceive changes
    in fundamental frequency (rhesus monkeys -Macaca mulatta), tempo
    (California sea lion -Zalophus californianus- or cockatoo -Cacatua
    galerita eleonora) and timbre (chimpanzees -- Pa troglodytes). However,
    Toro explains that humans process music perceiving musical structures
    in a relative rather than an absolute way; that is, independently of
    surface changes along features such as pitch, tempo and timbre. It is
    thus important to understand the extent to which this ability is based
    on sensitivities already present in other species." The research was
    conducted with the support of the Barcelona Biomedical Research Park
    (PRBB), the BIAL Foundation and the Catalan Government.


    ========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by
    Universitat_Pompeu_Fabra_-_Barcelona. Note: Content may be edited for
    style and length.


    ========================================================================== Journal Reference:
    1. Paola Crespo-Bojorque, Alexandre Celma-Miralles, Juan
    M. Toro. Detecting
    surface changes in a familiar tune: exploring pitch, tempo and
    timbre.

    Animal Cognition, 2022; DOI: 10.1007/s10071-022-01604-w ==========================================================================

    Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/04/220425121118.htm

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