Spatial maps of melanoma

Date:
April 14, 2022
Source:
Harvard Medical School
Summary:
Melanoma is a somewhat unusual cancer -- one that blooms before
our very eyes, often on sun-exposed skin, and can quickly become
deadly as it turns our own skin against us and spreads to other
organs. Fortunately, when caught early, melanoma can often be
cured by simple surgery, and there are now better treatments for
advanced cases, including immunotherapies that prime a patient's
immune system to fight off the cancer. However, much remains
unknown about melanoma, including the details of how it develops
in the earliest stages, and how to best identify and treat the
most dangerous early cases. Spatial maps of melanoma reveal how
individual cells interact as cancer progresses.



FULL STORY ========================================================================== Melanoma is a somewhat unusual cancer -- one that blooms before our
very eyes, often on sun-exposed skin, and can quickly become deadly as
it turns our own skin against us and spreads to other organs.


========================================================================== Fortunately, when caught early, melanoma can often be cured by simple
surgery, and there are now better treatments for advanced cases,
including immunotherapies that prime a patient's immune system to fight
off the cancer.

However, much remains unknown about melanoma, including the details of
how it develops in the earliest stages, and how to best identify and
treat the most dangerous early cases.

Now, a team at Harvard Medical School has created spatial maps at the
single- cell level that reveal, in unprecedented detail, how melanoma
cells and nearby cells, including immune cells, interact as a tumor
develops.

The maps, described in Cancer Discovery, offer insights into how
interactions between cells change as melanoma advances, and how cancer
cells suppress the immune system as they take over.

"The main purpose was to understand the early events in melanoma that
lead to the development of a tumor," said lead author Ajit Nirmal,
a research fellow at Harvard Medical School.



==========================================================================
The HMS team is building the maps into a melanoma atlas that will be
freely available to the scientific community as part of the National
Cancer Institute's Human Tumor Atlas Network. They hope that eventually,
the atlas can serve as a jumping-off point for scientists to study how
to prevent melanoma and how to treat it in its nascent stages before it
becomes full-blown cancer.

The ultimate goal of these efforts is to aid doctors in diagnosing
melanoma and to help them prescribe tailored treatment based on each
patient's individual tumor profile.

"This was an opportunity to study melanoma at its inception, and collect
a resource of information that we can share with the community," said
Sandro Santagata, an HMS associate professor of pathology at Brigham and Women's Hospital and co-senior author on the paper with Peter Sorger,
the HMS Otto Krayer Professor of Systems Pharmacology.

Mapping the unknown In recent years, a considerable amount of melanoma
research has focused on two areas: DNA sequencing of early tumor
samples to understand the genetic changes that occur as this particular
cancer arises and single-cell RNA sequencing of the tumor's immediate surroundings -- the so-called tumor microenvironment - - to profile the
types of cells present. However, researchers have remained largely in
the dark about how tumor cells and nearby cells are physically arranged
in space, and how these cells interact on a molecular level as melanoma develops.

"What we still do not know is how the microenvironment is organized
to allow a tumor to grow," Nirmal said. "In theory, immune cells are
supposed to identify tumor cells and kill them off very quickly, but
clearly something has gone wrong, and that's one of the primary reasons
why we want spatial resolution." Such spatial resolution, along with fine-scale molecular data, became possible to achieve only recently
with the advent of more advanced single-cell imaging technologies,
including cyclic immunofluorescence, orCyCIF, a multiplexed imaging
technique developed by the Sorger lab.



==========================================================================
In the new paper, the researchers combined CyCIF imaging data with 3D
high- resolution microscopy and fine-scale RNA sequencing to create maps capturing where cells are located and how they interact as normal tissue
morphs into melanoma.

"We're able to see everything from normal skin to early lesions to
invasive melanoma, sometimes all in one piece of tissue," Santagata
said. "You end up with this map of how melanoma is developing right in
front of you." The maps reveal what Santagata describes as "the battle
between tumor cells and immune cells" that results in melanoma succumbing
when immune cells are victorious, and melanoma progressing when tumor
cells win.

Specifically, the maps showed that in the earliest stages of melanoma, so- called precursor lesions were composed of similar types and proportions
of cells as normal skin, but these cells had a drastically different
pattern of interaction, which included signs of immunosuppression.

"This indicates that there's probably some level of restructuring within
the tumor microenvironment that could potentially aid the development
of the tumor," Nirmal said.

In early melanoma, PD-L1 -- a protein that suppresses the immune system
and allows cancer to flourish -- was not expressed in tumor cells but
was present in adjacent immune cells called myeloid cells. As the tumor
grew, PD-L1- expressing myeloid cells interacted increasingly with T
cells primed to kill tumor cells. This interaction between immune cells,
rather than between cancer cells and immune cells, may be a mechanism the cancer uses to tamp down the immune system so it can progress unchecked.

"That may mean that the immune system is being suppressed, or inactivated,
by itself, and not directly by the cancer," Sorger said.

Immunotherapies that inhibit PD-L1 and its binding partner PD-1 and
thereby unleash the immune system against the tumor have revolutionized treatment for advanced melanoma. However, not all patients with melanoma respond, and these therapies have not been as effective at treating some
other cancers. Thus, Sorger hopes that basic research on PD-L1 expression
will provide a foundation for understanding which patients with melanoma
are most likely to benefit from immunotherapies and how scientists can
make the therapies work in more cancers.

The insights may also illuminate therapeutic strategies for melanomas
that remain resistant to available treatments.

In more advanced melanoma, the state of the cancer cells differed
depending on their physical location. Cells in the middle of a tumor that
were surrounded by other cancer cells behaved markedly differently from
cells on the outer edges of the tumor that could interact with nearby
immune cells and stromal cells.

This finding suggests that this cellular mixed bag -- known as
tumor heterogeneity -- may partly be due to epigenetic changes that
occur in tumor cells as they interact with other cell types, Nirmal
said. Understanding tumor heterogeneity is important, he added, for understanding why and how some parts of a tumor survive treatment,
while others do not, especially in the context of therapies that target specific molecular pathways.

Zooming out Taken together, the findings demonstrate that "these local environments involve many more physical interactions between cells
than we might have thought," Sorger said. "The cells are actually in
an incredibly dense, communicating network." "The neighborhoods of the
tumor cells and the interactions between cells tell us how the tumor may progress, and that's an entirely new form of biomarker that hasn't been
applied before," Santagata added. "With these new spatial maps, we have
the ability to link cellular interactions with physiologic behavior,
and, eventually, clinical outcomes." With the paper, the researchers
are releasing the largest imaging-based melanoma dataset to date --
and the entire dataset will be freely available through Minerva, an
online visualization tool the lab developed to make complex data easier
to understand and use. Now, the team is working on adding more melanoma
samples to the project, with the goal of gaining a better understanding
of which features and interactions can be considered typical.

"We want to be able to say what happens recurrently, rather than idiosyncratically. Quantity has a quality all its own, and so scaling
this is a critical step," Sorger said.

The researchers are building the maps into an open-source melanoma
atlas within the Human Tumor Atlas Network that captures the full
range of molecular interactions between cells in different stages of
disease. They envision the atlas having a similar impact as earlier
atlases of cancer genomics, including The Cancer Genome Atlas. Ultimately,
they hope that their work will propel novel insights in melanoma that
lead to precision-targeted individualized treatments based on a patient's
tumor characteristics.

"There is no precision medicine without diagnostics," Sorger said,
yet 85 to 90 percent of cancers are diagnosed based on tissue samples
alone. He thinks the process of diagnosing and treating melanoma could
be improved by incorporating multiplexed imaging techniques, like CyCIF,
that provide fine-scale molecular information about the tumor ecosystem
and comparing results to a melanoma atlas.

The study was funded by the NIH (U2C-CA233262; K99- CA256497), the Ludwig Center at HMS, the NCI (R50-CA252138), the Finnish Medical Foundation,
and the Relander Foundation.

Additional authors include Zoltan Maliga, Tuulia Vallius, Alyce Chen,
Connor Jacobson, Roxanne Pelletier, Clarence Yapp, Raquel Arias-Camison,
and Yu-An Chen of HMS; and Christine Lian, George Murphy, and Brian
Quattrochi of Brigham and Women's Hospital.


========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by Harvard_Medical_School. Original
written by Catherine Caruso. Note: Content may be edited for style
and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Ajit J. Nirmal, Zoltan Maliga, Tuulia Vallius, Brian Quattrochi,
Alyce A.

Chen, Connor A. Jacobson, Roxanne J. Pelletier, Clarence
Yapp, Raquel Arias-Camison, Yu-An Chen, Christine G. Lian,
George F. Murphy, Sandro Santagata, Peter K. Sorger. The
spatial landscape of progression and immunoediting in primary
melanoma at single cell resolution. Cancer Discovery, 2022; DOI:
10.1158/2159-8290.CD-21-1357 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/04/220414125132.htm

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