• 4 billion-year-old relic from early sola

    From ScienceDaily@1:317/3 to All on Tue Apr 12 22:30:44 2022
    4 billion-year-old relic from early solar system heading our way
    But we're in no danger, professor assures

    Date:
    April 12, 2022
    Source:
    University of California - Los Angeles
    Summary:
    An enormous comet -- approximately 80 miles across, more than
    twice the width of Rhode Island -- is heading our way at 22,000
    miles per hour from the edge of the solar system. Fortunately,
    it will never get closer than 1 billion miles from the sun, and
    poses no danger to us.



    FULL STORY ==========================================================================
    An enormous comet -- approximately 80 miles across, more than twice the
    width of Rhode Island -- is heading our way at 22,000 miles per hour from
    the edge of the solar system. Fortunately, it will never get closer than
    1 billion miles from the sun, which is slightly farther from Earth than
    Saturn; that will be in 2031.


    ========================================================================== Comets, among the oldest objects in the solar system, are icy bodies that
    were unceremoniously tossed out of the solar system in a gravitational
    pinball game among the massive outer planets, said David Jewitt. The UCLA professor of planetary science and astronomy co-authored a new study
    of the comet in the Astrophysical Journal Letters. The evicted comets
    took up residence in the Oort cloud, a vast reservoir of far-flung comets encircling the solar system out to many billions of miles into deep space,
    he said.

    A typical comet's spectacular multimillion-mile-long tail, which makes
    it look like a skyrocket, belies the fact that the source at the heart of
    the fireworks is a solid nucleus of ice mixed with dust -- essentially a
    dirty snowball. This huge one, called Comet C/2014 UN271 and discovered
    by astronomers Pedro Bernardinelli and Gary Bernstein, could be as large
    as 85 miles across.

    "This comet is literally the tip of the iceberg for many thousands
    of comets that are too faint to see in the more distant parts of
    the solar system," Jewitt said. "We've always suspected this comet
    had to be big because it is so bright at such a large distance. Now
    we confirm it is." This comet has the largest nucleus ever seen in a
    comet by astronomers. Jewitt and his colleagues determined the size of
    its nucleus using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope. Its nucleus is about
    50 times larger than those of most known comets. Its mass is estimated
    to be 500 trillion tons, a hundred thousand times greater than the mass
    of a typical comet found much closer to the sun.

    "This is an amazing object, given how active it is when it's still so
    far from the sun," said lead author Man-To Hui, who earned his doctorate
    from UCLA in 2019 and is now with the Macau University of Science and Technology in Taipa, Macau. "We guessed the comet might be pretty big,
    but we needed the best data to confirm this." So the researchers used
    Hubble to take five photos of the comet on Jan. 8, 2022, and incorporated
    radio observations of the comet into their analysis.



    ==========================================================================
    The comet is now less than 2 billion miles from the sun and in a few
    million years will loop back to its nesting ground in the Oort cloud,
    Jewitt said.

    Comet C/2014 UN271 was first serendipitously observed in 2010, when it
    was 3 billion miles from the sun. Since then, it has been intensively
    studied by ground and space-based telescopes.

    The challenge in measuring this comet was how to determine the solid
    nucleus from the huge dusty coma -- the cloud of dust and gas --
    enveloping it. The comet is currently too far away for its nucleus to
    be visually resolved by Hubble. Instead, the Hubble data show a bright
    spike of light at the nucleus' location. Hui and his colleagues next
    made a computer model of the surrounding coma and adjusted it to fit
    the Hubble images. Then, they subtracted the glow of the coma, leaving
    behind the nucleus.

    Hui and his team compared the brightness of the nucleus to earlier radio observations from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, or
    ALMA, in Chile. The new Hubble measurements are close to the earlier
    size estimates from ALMA, but convincingly suggest a darker nucleus
    surface than previously thought.

    "It's big and it's blacker than coal," Jewitt said.

    The comet has been falling toward the sun for well over 1 million
    years. The Oort cloud is thought to be the nesting ground for trillions
    of comets. Jewitt thinks the Oort cloud extends from a few hundred times
    the distance between the sun and the Earth to at least a quarter of the
    way out to the distance of the nearest stars to our sun, in the Alpha
    Centauri system.

    The Oort cloud's comets were tossed out of the solar system billions of
    years ago by the gravitation of the massive outer planets, according to
    Jewitt. The far-flung comets travel back toward the sun and planets only
    if their orbits are disturbed by the gravitational tug of a passing star,
    the professor said.

    First hypothesized in 1950 by Dutch astronomer Jan Oort, the Oort cloud
    still remains a theory because the comets that make it up are too faint
    and distant to be directly observed. This means the solar system's
    largest structure is all but invisible, Jewitt said.


    ========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by
    University_of_California_-_Los_Angeles. Note: Content may be edited for
    style and length.


    ========================================================================== Related Multimedia:
    * Comet_C/2014_UN271_could_be_as_large_as_85_miles_across ========================================================================== Journal Reference:
    1. Man-To Hui, David Jewitt, Liang-Liang Yu, Max J. Mutchler. Hubble
    Space
    Telescope Detection of the Nucleus of Comet C/2014 UN271
    (Bernardinelli- Bernstein). The Astrophysical Journal Letters,
    2022; 929 (1): L12 DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac626a ==========================================================================

    Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/04/220412141038.htm

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