Can artificial intelligence reveal why languages change over time?
American Sign Language is shaped by the people who use it to make communication easier

Date:
April 7, 2022
Source:
Boston University
Summary:
American Sign Language (ASL) signs that are challenging to perceive
- - those that are rare or have uncommon handshapes -- are made
closer to the signer's face, where people often look during sign
perception. By contrast, common ones, and those with more routine
handshapes, are made further away from the face, in the perceiver's
peripheral vision. The findings suggest that ASL has evolved to
be easier for people to recognize signs.



FULL STORY ==========================================================================
The way we speak today isn't the way that people talked thousands
-- or even hundreds -- of years ago. William Shakespeare's line,
"to thine own self be true," is today's "be yourself." New speakers,
ideas, and technologies all seem to play a role in shifting the ways we communicate with each other, but linguists don't always agree on how
and why languages change. Now, a new study of American Sign Language
adds support to one potential reason: sometimes, we just want to make
our lives a little easier.


==========================================================================
Deaf studies scholar Naomi Caselli and a team of researchers found that American Sign Language (ASL) signs that are challenging to perceive --
those that are rare or have uncommon handshapes -- are made closer to
the signer's face, where people often look during sign perception. By
contrast, common ones, and those with more routine handshapes, are made
further away from the face, in the perceiver's peripheral vision. Caselli,
a Boston University Wheelock College of Education & Human Development
assistant professor, says the findings suggest that ASL has evolved
to be easier for people to recognize signs. The results were published
in Cognition.

"Every time we use a word, it changes just a little bit," says
Caselli, who's also codirector of the BU Rafik B. Hariri Institute for Computing and Computational Science & Engineering's AI and Education Initiative. "Over long periods of time, words with uncommon handshapes
have evolved to be produced closer to the face and, therefore, are easier
for the perceiver to see and recognize." Although studying the evolution
of language is complex, says Caselli, "you can make predictions about
how languages might change over time, and test those predictions with
a current snapshot of the language." With researchers from Syracuse
University and Rochester Institute of Technology, she looked at the
evolution of ASL with help from an artificial intelligence (AI) tool
that analyzed videos of more than 2,500 signs from ASL- LEX, the world's largest interactive ASL database. Caselli says they began by using the
AI algorithm to estimate the position of the signer's body and limbs.

"We feed the video into a machine learning algorithm that uses computer
vision to figure out where key points on the body are," says Caselli. "We
can then figure out where the hands are relative to the face in each
sign." The researchers then match that with data from ASL-LEX -- which
was created with help from the Hariri Institute's Software & Application Innovation Lab -- about how often the signs and handshapes are used. They found, for example, that many signs that use common handshapes, such as
the sign for children -- which uses a flat, open hand -- are produced
further from the face than signs that use rare handshapes, like the one
for light (see videos).

This project is part of a new and growing body of work connecting
computing and sign language at BU.

"The team behind these projects is dynamic, with signing researchers
working in collaboration with computer vision scientists," says Lauren
Berger, a Deaf scientist and postdoctoral fellow at BU who works
on computational approaches to sign language research. "Our varying perspectives, anchored by the oversight of researchers who are sensitive
to Deaf culture, helps prevent cultural and language exploitation just for
the sake of pushing forward the cutting edge of technology and science." Understanding how sign languages work can help improve Deaf education,
says Caselli, who hopes the latest findings also bring attention to the diversity in human languages and the extraordinary capabilities of the
human mind.

"If all we study is spoken languages, it is hard to tease apart the things
that are about language in general from the things that are particular
to the auditory-oral modality. Sign languages offer a neat opportunity
to learn about how all languages work," she says. "Now with AI, we can manipulate large quantities of sign language videos and actually test
these questions empirically."

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by Boston_University. Original written
by Gina Mantica.

Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Naomi Caselli, Corrine Occhino, Bruno Artacho, Andreas Savakis,
Matthew
Dye. Perceptual optimization of language: Evidence from American
Sign Language. Cognition, 2022; 224: 105040 DOI: 10.1016/
j.cognition.2022.105040 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/04/220407161947.htm

--- up 5 weeks, 3 days, 10 hours, 50 minutes
* Origin: -=> Castle Rock BBS <=- Now Husky HPT Powered! (1:317/3)