• Dense bones allowed Spinosaurus to hunt

    From ScienceDaily@1:317/3 to All on Wed Mar 23 22:30:44 2022
    Dense bones allowed Spinosaurus to hunt underwater

    Date:
    March 23, 2022
    Source:
    University of Portsmouth
    Summary:
    Spinosaurus is the largest predatory dinosaur known -- over two
    metres longer than the longest Tyrannosaurus rex -- but the way it
    hunted has been a subject of debate for decades. In a new paper,
    palaeontologists have taken a different approach to decipher the
    lifestyle of long-extinct creatures: examining the density of
    their bones.



    FULL STORY ========================================================================== Spinosaurus is the largest predatory dinosaur known -- over two metres
    longer than the longest Tyrannosaurus rex- but the way it hunted has
    been a subject of debate for decades.


    ==========================================================================
    In a new paper, published today in Nature, a group of palaeontologists
    have taken a different approach to decipher the lifestyle of long-extinct creatures: examining the density of their bones.

    By analysing the density of spinosaurid bones and comparing them to
    other animals like penguins, hippos, and alligators, the team found that Spinosaurus and its close relative Baryonyx from the Cretaceous of the UK
    both had dense bones that would have allowed them to submerge themselves underwater to hunt.

    Scientists already knew that spinosaurids had certain affinities with
    water - - their elongate jaws and cone-shaped teeth are similar to those
    of fish-eating predators, and the ribcage of Baryonyx, from Surrey,
    even contained half- digested fish scales.

    In the last decade University of Portsmouth palaeontologist and National Geographic Explorer Dr Nizar Ibrahim unearthed different parts of a Spinosaurusskeleton in North Africa's Sahara Desert. The skeleton Dr
    Ibrahim and his team described had retracted nostrils, short hind legs, paddle-like feet, and a fin-like tail: all signs that firmly pointed to
    an aquatic lifestyle.

    Dr Ibrahim said: "We battled sandstorms, flooding, snakes, scorpions and
    more to excavate the most enigmatic dinosaur in the world and now we
    have multiple lines of evidence all pointing in the same direction --
    the skeleton really has "water-loving dinosaur" written all over it!"
    Based on its highly specialised anatomy, Dr Ibrahim and his team
    previously suggested that Spinosauruscould swim and actively pursue prey
    in the water, but others claimed that it was not much of a swimmer and
    instead waded in the water like a giant heron.



    ========================================================================== Researchers have continued to debate whether Spinosaurus spent much of
    its time submerged, pursuing prey in the water, or if it just stood in
    the shallows and dipped its jaws in to snap up prey.

    "In part this is probably because we were challenging decade-old dogma
    -- so even if you have a very strong case, you kind of expect a certain
    degree of pushback," Dr Ibrahim said.

    This continuing debate led lead author Dr Matteo Fabbri, based at
    Chicago's Field Museum, senior author Dr Ibrahim and an international
    team of researchers to try to find another way to infer the lifestyle
    and ecology of long-extinct creatures like Spinosaurus.

    Dr Fabbri said: "The idea for our study was, okay, clearly we can
    interpret the fossil data in different ways. But what about the general physical laws? There are certain laws that are applicable to any organism
    on this planet. One of these laws regards density and the capability
    of submerging into water." Across the animal kingdom, bone density can
    tell us whether an animal is able to sink beneath the surface and swim.



    ========================================================================== "Previous studies have shown that mammals adapted to water have dense,
    compact bone in their postcranial (behind the skull) skeletons," said
    Fabbri, an expert on the internal structure of bone. Dense bone helps
    with buoyancy control and allows the animal to submerge itself.

    The team assembled a very large dataset of femur and rib bone
    cross-sections from 250 species of extinct and living animals, including
    both land-dwellers and water-dwellers, and covering animals ranging
    in weight from a few grams to several tonnes including seals, whales, elephants, mice, and even hummingbirds.

    They also collected data on extinct marine reptiles like mosasaurs
    and plesiosaurs. The researchers compared bone cross sections of these
    animals to cross-sections of bone from Spinosaurus and its relatives
    Baryonyx and Suchomimus.

    Dr Ibrahim said: "The scope of our study kept expanding because we
    kept thinking of more and more groups of vertebrates to include."
    The scientists found a clear link between bone density and aquatic
    foraging behavior: animals that submerge themselves underwater to find
    food have bones that are almost completely solid throughout, whereas cross-sections of land- dwellers' bones look more like doughnuts, with
    hollow centres.

    When the researchers applied spinosaurid dinosaur bones to this paradigm,
    they found that Spinosaurus and Baryonyx both had the type of dense bone associated with full submersion.

    Meanwhile, the closely related African Suchomimus had hollower bones. It
    still lived by water and ate fish, as evidenced by its crocodile-like
    snout and conical teeth, but based on its bone density, it wasn't actually swimming much.

    "That was a bit of a surprise" according to Ibrahim, "because Baryonyx and Suchomimus look rather similar." But the team soon realised that it was
    not out of the ordinary and similar patterns can be seen in other groups.

    Other dinosaurs, like the giant long-necked sauropods also had some dense
    bones in their limbs, but this simply reflects the huge amount of stress
    on those limb bones.

    Dr Ibrahim said: "Some of these animals would have weighed as much as
    several elephants so adding extra load-bearing capacity to the bones
    makes a lot of sense!." Dr Jingmai O'Connor, a curator at the Field
    Museum and co-author of this study, says that collaborative studies
    like this one that draw from hundreds of specimens, are "the future of palaeontology. They're very time-consuming to do, but they let scientists
    shed light onto big patterns." Dr Ibrahim is already thinking about the
    next questions. "I think that, with this additional line of evidence, speculative notions that envisage Spinosaurus as some sort of giant
    wader lack evidential support and can be safely excluded.

    The bones don't lie, and now we know than even the internal architecture
    of the bones is entirely consistent with our interpretation of this animal
    as a giant predator hunting fish in vast rivers, using its paddle-like
    tail for propulsion. It will be interesting to reconstruct in a lot more
    detail how these river monsters moved around -- something we are already working on."

    ========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by University_of_Portsmouth. Note:
    Content may be edited for style and length.


    ========================================================================== Journal Reference:
    1. Matteo Fabbri, Guillermo Navalo'n, Roger B. J. Benson, Diego Pol,
    Jingmai
    O'Connor, Bhart-Anjan S. Bhullar, Gregory M. Erickson, Mark
    A. Norell, Andrew Orkney, Matthew C. Lamanna, Samir Zouhri, Justine
    Becker, Amanda Emke, Cristiano Dal Sasso, Gabriele Bindellini,
    Simone Maganuco, Marco Auditore, Nizar Ibrahim. Subaqueous foraging
    among carnivorous dinosaurs.

    Nature, 2022; DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04528-0 ==========================================================================

    Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/03/220323125107.htm

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