How grasshopper mouths resemble those of mammals
Date:
March 16, 2022
Source:
University of Leicester
Summary:
Palaeobiologists have identified startling similarities between
the mouths of grasshoppers and mammal teeth.
FULL STORY ==========================================================================
New research led by palaeobiologists at the University of Leicester has identified startling similarities between the mouths of grasshoppers
and mammal teeth.
==========================================================================
The team of researchers used sophisticated three-dimensional imaging
techniques to precisely map the shape of grasshopper's mandibles, and
present their findings in Methods in Ecology and Evolution, published
today (Wednesday).
There are around 11,000 known species of grasshopper. It likely comes
as a surprise that not all grasshoppers eat grass. In fact, they play
a range of important roles in grasslands and other ecosystems -- some
are even carnivorous.
But analysis of the ecological importance of grasshoppers is not straightforward, and finding out what they eat requires detailed study of
the contents of their guts or painstaking and time-consuming observations
of how they feed in the wild. There is, however, a better way.
Like animals with teeth, the mouthparts of grasshoppers, known as
mandibles, differ according to what they eat: some are molar-like
and grind tough foods like grass, while others have sharper cutting
edges. Until now this approach has lacked precision, able to assign grasshoppers only to broad feeding categories.
But the Leicester research -- with input from the School of Earth Sciences
at the University of Bristol -- provides a new way to investigate the
diets of the many species scientists have little information about,
either because of their rarity or because they are extinct.
========================================================================== Leicester PhD researcher Chris Stockey is corresponding author for
the study.
He said: "Knowing what animals eat is fundamental to understanding
ecosystems, but working this out can be difficult and time consuming, especially if the animals you study are rare, small, or move quickly.
"One of the advantages of our method is the powerful comparisons that
it provides.
"Surprisingly, comparing the mandible landscapes of grasshoppers with
mammal's teeth allows grasshopper diet to be predicted with 82% accuracy
-- pretty amazing when you consider that the mouthparts of mammals
and grasshoppers have evolved independently for 400 million years, and
were not present in their common ancestor." Mark Purnell, Professor
of Palaeobiology and Director of the Centre for Palaeobiology at the
University of Leicester, said: "We measured the shapes of grasshopper's mouthparts and analysed them like the topography of a landscape, and
found clear differences linked to diet.
========================================================================== "Mandibles from carnivorous grasshoppers that eat soft flesh have steeper slopes and sharper cliff edges, while those that eat tough plant material,
such as grass, have mandibles with complex undulating 'landscapes'."
The research was based on museum specimens, part of the huge collections
kept behind the scenes for scientists to study -- rooms full of millions
of samples underneath the viewing galleries. Even the most studied of collections, such as Charles Darwin's, yield new species each year.
Without having seen these organisms alive the only way to learn about
their lifestyles and diets previously has been to painstakingly dissect
them. Not only is dissection a slow process, but it can damage the
specimens and limit their usefulness for further study.
The application of this new non-destructive method to museum collections provides an alternative way to learn about the ecologies of rare animals
whilst preserving them for future study.
Dr Ben Price, Senior Curator at the Natural History Museum, who was
not involved in the research, added: "This study is a great example
of combining modern analytical methods with historical samples from
museum collections to help understand the biodiversity of our planet. As technology advances additional uses of museum collections become possible
and this non-destructive approach could reveal the diet information for thousands of species, decades after the specimens were collected."
========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by University_of_Leicester. Note:
Content may be edited for style and length.
========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Christopher Stockey, Neil F. Adams, Thomas H. P. Harvey, Philip
C. J.
Donoghue, Mark A. Purnell. Dietary inference from dental topographic
analysis of feeding tools in diverse animals. Methods in Ecology
and Evolution, 2022; DOI: 10.1111/2041-210X.13832 ==========================================================================
Link to news story:
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/03/220316091753.htm
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