• Ancient Mexican city endured for centuri

    From ScienceDaily@1:317/3 to All on Tue Mar 8 21:30:38 2022
    Ancient Mexican city endured for centuries without extremes in wealth
    and power

    Date:
    March 8, 2022
    Source:
    Field Museum
    Summary:
    An ancient Mexican city, Monte Alba'n, was the biggest settlement
    in the region and lasted for more than a thousand years. Some
    hypotheses for the city's success are that people were drawn to
    fertile farmland in the area, or were forced to move there by
    powerful rulers. This new study challenges those ideas by showing
    that the land isn't especially good for farming, and the society
    didn't have the highly concentrated wealth and power that would
    come with a powerful ruler forcing people to move there.

    Instead, the city had a more collective form of government that
    could have attracted people to the city.



    FULL STORY ========================================================================== Location, location, location -- it's the first rule of real estate. For
    a long time, it's been widely assumed that being close to resources
    drives settlement patterns, with cities generally founded near water and fertile land for growing crops. But a new paper by a husband-and-wife archaeological team questions that idea, using the example of an ancient
    city in what's now southern Mexico. The researchers argue that Monte
    Alba'n, the largest city in its region for more than a thousand years,
    wasn't situated near especially good farmland. But what it did have
    from the city's foundation was a defendable hilltop location and a more collective form of government that attracted people both to the settlement
    and its surrounding area.


    ==========================================================================
    "We wanted to understand why Monte Alba'n was founded where it was,"
    says Linda Nicholas, the first author of the study in Frontiers in
    Political Science and an adjunct curator at the Field Museum.

    Monte Alba'n lies in the Valley of Oaxaca in southern Mexico. It
    was founded in 500 BC, grew rapidly, and endured as the region's
    main metropolis for 1,300 years, longer than most, if not all, other prehispanic Mesoamerican cities.

    "We've been working in the Oaxaca Valley for 40 years, and we and our colleagues have wondered what drew so many people to move to Monte
    Alba'n and its surrounding area, and what allowed the city to sustain
    itself for so long," says Gary Feinman, the Field Museum's MacArthur
    curator of anthropology and co- author of the study. "Over the years,
    a few competing ideas have been advanced." One hypothesis to explain
    the rapid growth at Monte Alba'n is coercion -- the idea that powerful
    rulers forced people move there. Another possible explanation was that
    people went there because the land was good for farming.

    To examine the validity of these possible explanations, Nicholas and
    Feinman went back over decades of research covering both Monte Alba'n
    and the surrounding Valley of Oaxaca.

    To evaluate the argument that Monte Alba'n attracted people because of
    the quality of its farmland, the researchers drew on studies of modern
    land use in the valley to map out different land classes based on the availability and permanence of water, the most important factor for crop
    yields in the valley.

    Good, well-watered land was patchily distributed across the valley,
    so that some areas had much higher potential yields than others. While pre-Monte Alba'n settlements were more heavily concentrated in the most productive parts of the valley, Monte Alba'n was not. Land quality was
    less a factor in settlement decisions at the time of Monte Alba'n's
    foundation, both for the city and nearby settlements.

    "Linda's analysis of land use shows very clearly that Monte Alba'n wasn't located near the richest land. Whether you just look at the land itself,
    or whether you figure in the labor to work it, agrarian productivity
    cannot explain the location of Monte Alba'n," says Feinman.



    ==========================================================================
    So the hypothesis about fertile land doesn't hold up for Monte
    Alba'n. Feinman and Nicholas also investigated the possibility that people
    were forced to come to the region. This part of the project relied on
    decades of archaeological survey work.

    "In the 1960s, archaeologists started to ask different questions about
    ancient societies beyond just collecting and categorizing artifacts,"
    says Nicholas.

    "When you excavate a site, you only get a picture of a very small part,
    and also it's both destructive and expensive." "If you're trying to
    answer questions about how early cities formed and how long they lasted, excavation with its limited portal into the past doesn't answer them,"
    says Feinman. "If you want to learn about the city of Chicago, excavating
    one house, a block, or even one neighborhood wouldn't give you information about the growth of downtown in relationship to the Chicago River and
    Lake Michigan, or how it relates to a broader network of settlements in northern Illinois and beyond. It's the same way with ancient cities --
    you need a more macro-level vantage to understand how their growth and
    decline compared to the areas around them." To get at this broader
    picture of where people lived and how their settlement patterns shifted
    over time, Feinman and Nicholas collaborated with Richard Blanton and
    Stephen Kowalewski in Oaxaca to survey one of the largest contiguous
    study regions in the world.

    "For our systematic survey, we used aerial photographs and maps to guide
    us as we walked across the entire valley. When we found archaeological
    sites, we made notes of what we found and where and took collections
    to determine the periods of occupation," says Nicholas. "We and our
    colleagues wound up covering thousands of square kilometers in the
    Oaxaca Valley and adjacent areas." This research over the years has been supplemented with more in-depth excavations by many scholars at key sites.



    ==========================================================================
    This wider-ranging look at life in Monte Alba'n and its surrounding areas, drawn from both surveys and excavations, gave the researchers new insights
    over the years. "We learned that at Monte Alba'n and other settlements in prehispanic Oaxaca, the bulk of the residents lived on flattened terraces, which were constructed on the slopes of the hills. From the excavations
    that we and others conducted, we gained a perspective on terrace life,
    where people lived in individual houses with multiple rooms around a
    patio. Domestic units often shared a front retaining wall, and drains
    generally separated residences," says Feinman. "People not only lived very close together, but they also must have been highly cooperative from one domestic unit to another, because if part of the retaining wall collapsed
    or the drain got clogged, they'd have to work together to fix it."
    The residents of Monte Alba'n also were economically interdependent,
    exchanging craft goods and food in the risky environment for agriculture
    where they lived.

    Although no large food storage facilities have been found, there are indications that the city's residents participated in marketplace
    exchanges, which may have buffered the region's unpredictable
    rainfall. Cooperative defense and economic opportunity drew people from
    afar to early Monte Alba'n.

    The high degrees of cooperation between households at Monte Alba'n was
    echoed to some extent in the political organization of Monte Alba'n as
    a whole.

    "Compared to more autocratic societies, like the Classic-period Maya,
    Monte Alba'n seems to have had a more collective form of governance,"
    says Nicholas.

    Autocratic societies -- ones ruled by despots, where a small group of
    people wielded all the power -- tended to have architecture that reflected their form of rule, with big, fancy palaces and elaborate burial sites for
    the rich and powerful. Despotic rulers serve as the billboards for their regimes, often marked by aggrandizing and personalized monuments. Monte
    Alba'n, however, is characterized by non-residential public buildings,
    temples, and large, relatively open, shared plazas. Given the longevity
    of the site, the number of monuments that feature rulers is small.

    Although defense was a key factor in the foundation and location of Monte Alba'n, there is no indication that the early occupants were coerced to
    move to this dense hilltop location where their agricultural prospects
    were somewhat risky, interpersonal efforts were needed to sustain their residences, and residential settlement was densely packed. Nevertheless,
    health measures indicate that the inhabitants of Monte Alba'n were
    generally better off than the residents of other prehispanic cities,
    and the institutions established at Monte Alba'n contributed to their well-being, drawing people from afar despite these challenges.

    Since people probably weren't forced to come to Monte Alba'n, and they
    didn't come for the productive farmland, that leaves the question:
    why didMonte Alba'n grow so quickly and stay large and important for
    so long? "We think we have a frame that draws more on cooperation,"
    says Nicholas. Based on the work of other scholars like Margaret Levi
    and Richard Blanton, Feinman hypothesizes that "it's a kind of mutual relationship between people who have power and people that don't. In
    this case, the powerful may have coordinated defense, helped organize marketplace exchange, and conducted ritual activities that enhanced
    community solidarity. On the other hand, the bulk of the city's populace produced food and other goods that sustained the settlement and, through
    taxes, supported governance. It was a collaborative process that relied
    on compliance." Feinman notes that the architecture of the city might
    include clues about this cooperative relationship between the classes
    that led people to Monte Alba'n.

    "From the very founding of the site, there was a big main plaza
    where people could get together and express their voice, at least
    sometimes. People may have been encouraged to move there for defense
    and economic opportunity," he says.

    "But on the other hand, in order to underpin and support these new institutions, farmers probably had to give over some of their surplus. So,
    it's kind of a give and take." While Feinman and Nicholas note that this
    study is just one case, about one city, it does have some lessons for us
    today. "Monte Alba'n was a city where a new social contract was written
    at its foundation. It was somewhat more equitable and less elite-centric
    than what had gone on before," says Feinman.

    "And with its collective and relatively equitable government, it endured
    for more than a millennium. Yet when it collapsed, the city's population declined drastically and many of its institutions dissolved, ushering
    in a period of more autocratic rule."

    ========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by Field_Museum. Note: Content may be
    edited for style and length.


    ========================================================================== Journal Reference:
    1. Linda M. Nicholas, Gary M. Feinman. The Foundation of Monte Alba'n,
    Intensification, and Growth: Coactive Processes and Joint
    Production.

    Frontiers in Political Science, 2022; 4 DOI:
    10.3389/fpos.2022.805047 ==========================================================================

    Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/03/220308102820.htm

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