New evidence of a gravitational wave background

Date:
January 12, 2022
Source:
University of Birmingham
Summary:
The results of a comprehensive search for a background of ultra-low
frequency gravitational waves has been announced by an international
team of astronomers.



FULL STORY ==========================================================================
The results of a comprehensive search for a background of ultra-low
frequency gravitational waves has been announced by an international team
of astronomers including scientists from the Institute for Gravitational
Wave Astronomy at the University of Birmingham.


========================================================================== These light-year-scale ripples, a consequence of Einstein's theory
of general relativity, permeate all of spacetime and could originate
from mergers of the most massive black holes in the Universe or from
events occurring soon after the formation of the Universe in the Big
Bang. Scientists have been searching for definitive evidence of these
signals for several decades.

The International Pulsar Timing Array (IPTA), joining the work of several astrophysics collaborations from around the world, recently completed
its search for gravitational waves in their most recent official data
release, known as Data Release 2 (DR2).

This data set consists of precision timing data from 65 millisecond
pulsars - - stellar remnants which spin hundreds of times per second,
sweeping narrow beams of radio waves that appear as pulses due to
the spinning -- obtained by combining the independent data sets from
the IPTA's three founding members: The European Pulsar Timing Array
(EPTA), the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav), and the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array in Australia (PPTA).

These combined data reveal strong evidence for an ultra-low frequency
signal detected by many of the pulsars in the combined data. The characteristics of this common-among-pulsars signal are in broad
agreement with those expected from a gravitational wave "background."
The gravitational wave background is formed by many different overlapping gravitational-wave signals emitted from the cosmic population of
supermassive binary black holes (i.e. two supermassive black holes
orbiting each other and eventually merging) -- similar to background
noise from the many overlapping voices in a crowded hall.



==========================================================================
This result further strengthens the gradual emergence of similar signals
that have been found in the individual data sets of the participating
pulsar timing collaborations over the past few years.

Professor Alberto Vecchio, Director of the Institute for Gravitational
Wave Astronomy at the University of Birmingham, and member of the
EPTA, says: "The detection of gravitational waves from a population of
massive black hole binaries or from another cosmic source will give us unprecedented insights into how galaxy form and grow, or cosmological
processes taking place in the infant universe. A major international
effort of the scale of IPTA is needed to reach this goal, and the next
few years could bring us a golden age for these explorations of the
universe." "This is a very exciting signal! Although we do not have
definitive evidence yet, we may be beginning to detect a background
of gravitational waves," says Dr Siyuan Chen, a member of the EPTA and NANOGrav, and the leader of the IPTA DR2 search and publication.

Dr Boris Goncharov from the PPTA cautions on the possible interpretations
of such common signals: "We are also looking into what else this signal
could be.

For example, perhaps it could result from noise that is present in
individual pulsars' data that may have been improperly modeled in our analyses." To identify the gravitational-wave background as the origin
of this ultra-low frequency signal, the IPTA must also detect spatial correlations between pulsars. This means that each pair of pulsars must
respond in a very particular way to gravitational waves, depending on
their separation on the sky.



========================================================================== These signature correlations between pulsar pairs are the "smoking
gun" for a gravitational-wave background detection. Without them,
it is difficult to prove that some other process is not responsible
for the signal. Intriguingly, the first indication of a gravitational
wave background would be a common signal like that seen in the IPTA
DR2. Whether or not this spectrally similar ultra- low frequency signal
is correlated between pulsars in accordance with the theoretical
predictions will be resolved with further data collection, expanded
arrays of monitored pulsars, and continued searches of the resulting
longer and larger data sets.

Consistent signals like the one recovered with the IPTA analysis have
also been published in individual data sets more recent than those used
in the IPTA DR2, from each of the three founding collaborations. The
IPTA DR2 analysis demonstrates the power of the international combination giving strong evidence for a gravitational wave background compared to the marginal or absent evidences from the constituent data sets. Additionally,
new data from the MeerKAT telescope and from the Indian Pulsar Timing
Array (InPTA), the newest member of the IPTA, will further expand future
data sets.

"The first hint of a gravitational wave background would be a signal
like that seen in the IPTA DR2. Then, with more data, the signal will
become more significant and will show spatial correlations, at which
point we will know it is a gravitational wave background. We are very
much looking forward to contributing several years of new data to the
IPTA for the first time, to help achieve a gravitational wave background detection," says Dr Bhal Chandra Joshi, a member of the InPTA.

Given the latest published results from the individual groups who now all
can clearly recover the common signal, the IPTA is optimistic for what can
be achieved once these are combined into the IPTA Data Release 3. Work is already ongoing on this new data release, which at a minimum will include updated data sets from the four constituent PTAs of the IPTA. The analysis
of the DR3 data set is expected to finish within the next few years.

Dr Maura McLaughlin of the NANOGrav collaboration says, "If the
signal we are currently seeing is the first hint of a gravitational
wave background, then based on our simulations, it is possible we will
have more definite measurements of the spatial correlations necessary to conclusively identify the origin of the common signal in the near future." ========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by University_of_Birmingham. Note:
Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
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The International Pulsar Timing Array second data release:
Search for an isotropic Gravitational Wave Background. Monthly
Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (accepted), 2022 DOI:
10.1093/mnras/stab3418 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/01/220112105625.htm
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