White matter integrity disrupted in people with Alzheimer's gene
mutation

Date:
October 12, 2021
Source:
Radiological Society of North America
Summary:
The structural integrity of the brain's white matter as measured
with an advanced MRI technique is lower in cognitively normal people
who carry a genetic mutation associated with Alzheimer's disease
than it is in non- carriers, according to a new study. Researchers
said the findings show the promise of widely available imaging
techniques in helping to understand early structural changes in
the brain before symptoms of dementia become apparent.



FULL STORY ==========================================================================
The structural integrity of the brain's white matter as measured with
an advanced MRI technique is lower in cognitively normal people who
carry a genetic mutation associated with Alzheimer's disease than it is
in non- carriers, according to a study in Radiology. Researchers said
the findings show the promise of widely available imaging techniques
in helping to understand early structural changes in the brain before
symptoms of dementia become apparent.


========================================================================== People who carry the autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease (ADAD) mutation
have a higher risk of Alzheimer's disease, a type of dementia that
affects about one in nine people in the United States. The mutation is
linked to a buildup of abnormal protein called amyloid-beta in the brain
that affects both the gray matter and the signal-carrying white matter.

"It's thought that the amyloid deposition in the gray matter could disrupt
its function, and as a result the white matter won't function correctly
or could even atrophy," said study lead author Jeffrey W. Prescott, M.D., Ph.D., neuroradiologist at the MetroHealth Medical Center in Cleveland.

An earlier study by Dr. Prescott and colleagues on patients with
sporadic Alzheimer's disease, which comprises 99% of cases, found that
white matter structural connectivity, as measured with an MRI technique
called diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), degraded significantly as patients developed more amyloid burden.

"The current work extends these results by showing that similar
findings are detectable in asymptomatic at-risk patients," said Jeffrey
R. Petrella, M.D., professor of radiology at Duke University and senior
author on both studies.

In the new study, Dr. Prescott and colleagues used data from the
Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN) to compare ADAD mutation
carriers with non- carriers to see if there were changes in structural connectivity that could be related to the mutation.



==========================================================================
The study participants included 30 mutation carriers, mean age 34 years,
and 38 non-carriers, mean age 37. The participants all had normal
cognition when they underwent structural brain MRI and DTI.

Analysis showed that mutation carriers had lower structural connectivity
in the frontoparietal control network, which connects areas mainly in
the parietal and frontal lobes, two regions known to be involved with Alzheimer's disease. Among mutation carriers, there was a correlation
between expected years until onset of symptoms and white matter structural connectivity in the frontoparietal control network, even when controlling
for amyloid plaque burden.

"This suggests that DTI measures of network integrity may serve as a
surrogate for the brain's resilience to pathologic attack," Dr. Petrella
said.

"We used a network measurement called global efficiency, in which a
decreased efficiency can be taken as a breakdown in the organization of
the network," Dr.

Prescott added. "The results show that for mutation carriers, global
efficiency would decrease significantly as they approach the estimated
age of symptom onset." The study findings support a potential role for imaging-based identification of structural changes of the brain in people
at genetic risk for early-onset Alzheimer's disease in understanding
how genes influence the disease process that leads to dementia.

"This shows the potential of MRI as an evaluation tool in patients who are deemed at-risk for Alzheimer's disease before they develop symptoms," Dr.

Prescott said. "Use of these advanced MRI techniques could help further
refine identification of at-risk patients and risk measurements."
The findings also point to a role for imaging in studying therapeutic
drugs to treat Alzheimer's disease. While the majority of trials so far
have been performed with patients who already have Alzheimer's disease or cognitive impairment, earlier identification and treatment of patients
at risk represents a more promising avenue for preventing or at least
delaying the onset of dementia.

"One potential clinical use of this study tool would be to add
quantitative information to risk factors like family history and use that
to help identify patients early, when they may benefit from treatment,"
Dr. Prescott said. "But until we have an effective treatment, we will
have to wait for that to be implemented." The researchers hope to do a follow-up using advanced imaging and updated data from the DIAN network to evaluate the progression of Alzheimer's disease in the study participants.

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by
Radiological_Society_of_North_America. Note: Content may be edited for
style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Jeffrey W. Prescott, P. Murali Doraiswamy, Dragan Gamberger, Tammie
Benzinger, Jeffrey R. Petrella. Diffusion Tensor MRI Structural
Connectivity and PET Amyloid Burden in Preclinical Autosomal
Dominant Alzheimer Disease: The DIAN Cohort. Radiology, 2021; DOI:
10.1148/ radiol.2021210383 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/10/211012102649.htm

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